Hyperemesis Gravidarum _- Causes, Signs & Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

Hyperemesis gravidarum is the most severe form of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy, affecting about 0.3 to 2% of pregnant women. It is characterized by severe, intractable nausea and vomiting, with signs of malnutrition, such as ketosis, and weight loss of more than 5% of pre pregnancy weight. Other symptoms include excessive salivation. Fatigue. Weakness. Dizziness. Sleep disturbances. And mood changes.
Persistent hyperemesis is associated with adverse maternal complications. Some of them include the following.
Mallory Weiss tears due to intractable retching. In more severe cases, these tears might end up in perforation of the esophagus.
Pneumothorax and pneumoperitoneum.
Wernicke’s encephalopathy.
Liver disease.
Seizures, coma, and death.
Renal failure.
Rhabdomyolysis.
Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.
Central pontine myelinolysis.
Vitamin K deficiency and coagulopathy.
Sepsis.

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