Semiconductor Basics - What is Semiconductor, Types, Material, Physics

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All about Semiconductor
BY SANTOSH DAS | LAST UPDATED ON SEPTEMBER 28, 2021

Semiconductor Basics – What is Semiconductor, Types, Material, Physics and More.
A semiconductor can be defined as a substance with properties of a conductor and insulator both.
It can conduct electricity under certain circumstances but not always. This physics and property of a semiconductor makes it a good medium to use electricity in a controlled manner as and where required. Conductance of a semiconductor depends on several factors such as current or voltage applied to a control electrode, or on the intensity of irradiation by infrared (IR), visible light, ultraviolet (UV), or X rays.
So, we can say that a semiconductor is a material that has electrical conductivity greater than an insulator but less than a conductor.

Examples: Diodes, transistors, and many photovoltaic cells.

Semiconductor – Facts and Physics
As I mentioned above, a semiconductor has a dual property – conductor and insulator of electricity. This property depends on impurities added to the semiconductor material (A pure such material is called an “intrinsic”). The impurities added to the material to change its electrical property are called “dopants” and the process of adding impurities to the pure semiconductor material is called doping.
TypesFunction / Application
A semiconductor can help controlled flow of electricity. The basic function of such a device is to switch ON and OFF the flow of electricity as and when required. A semiconductor device can perform the function of a vacuum tube with hundreds of times its volume. A single integrated circuit (IC), such as a microprocessor chip, can do the work of a set of vacuum tubes.

Semiconductor Materials
There are several materials and elements used to make semiconductor. The basic requirement is that the material should not be a very good conductor of electricity, nor should it be a very bad conductor of electricity. Its properties can be changed by adding or removing atoms / impurities.

Semiconductor materials include – Silicon, antimony, arsenic, boron, carbon, germanium, gallium arsenide, selenium, silicon carbide, sulfur, tellurium, oxides of most metals. of Semiconductors
Semiconductors are of 2 Types:
An N-type semiconductor is one that carries current in the form of negatively-charged electrons. This is very similar to conduction of current in a wire.
A P-type semiconductor is one that carries current predominantly as electron deficiencies called holes. A hole has a positive electric charge. This charge is equal and opposite to the charge on an electron. These holes flow in the opposite direction of electrons.
What is Superconductor?
Superconductor is an element, inter-metallic alloy, or a compound that conducts electricity without resistance below a certain temperature.
Once set in motion, electrical current will flow forever in a closed loop of a superconducting material.
Diode
A Diode is an electronic component that allows current to flow in one direction only. It is a device that consists of a p-n junction. They are used most commonly to convert AC to DC, because they pass the positive part of the wave, and block the negative part of the AC signal, or, if they are reversed, they pass only the negative part and not the positive part.
A diode is the simplest possible semiconductor device, and is best device to learn and understand how a semiconductor works.
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