Role of Glutathione (GSH) as a skin lightening agent

2 years ago
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Role of Glutathione (GSH) as a skin lightening agent
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Glutathione is one of the most important antioxidants that are produced in the human body. Different metabolic reactions in the human body produce it at the cellular level. It is also produced by plants, animals, bacteria, and fungi. Because of its antioxidant properties, it acts and neutralizes free radicals in the body. Glutathione also detoxifies unwanted chemicals in the body. It boosts our body's natural immune system. Melanin is a naturally secreted pigment in the body which imparts a dark color to the skin. This pigment is produced as a result of tyrosinase enzyme activity. Here glutathione plays a role by directly deactivating this enzyme and causes a skin-lightening effect on the body. It is now being prescribed by the dermatologist for the treatment of facial melanoses and melasma. Apart from its potent action in the skin depigmenting effect, it boosts natural immunity and reduces oxidative stress in the body.

Glutathione plays important roles in different metabolic and biochemical pathways in the human body at the cellular level. It takes part in tissue building, especially layers of skin, it is used in making protein and chemicals required for various metabolic functions in the body.

When taken orally, its site of absorption is the jejunum part of the gut. It goes into the general blood circulation and becomes a part of the plasma. Once in plasma, it has to be broken into amino acids and re-synthesized intracellularly. Circulating glutathione is cleared by the kidneys and passed into urine, making it less hazardous and no side effects. Glutathione is being used on a commercial scale for its anti-melanogenic properties. It is widely used as a skin-lightening agent. It is present in the body intracellular in the reduced form. Glutathione acts directly and indirectly in the metabolic pathways and stops the production of melanin in the body hence has a key role in some physiologic skin functions. There is an important enzyme in the body, tyrosine kinase, that catalyzes the production of melanin. Glutathione blocks this step and the process switches to the production of pheomelanin. Some studies have postulated that glutathione removes reactive oxygen species in the epidermal layer of the skin which are generated as a result of ultraviolet radiation. Apart from the skin whitening role, glutathione has been linked to reducing skin wrinkles as well as improving skin elasticity.

Glutathione binds with the copper-containing active site of the pigmenting enzyme tyrosinase and directly inactivates its biochemical activity. Since glutathione also acts as a powerful antioxidant, it reduces peroxides and free radicals that normally serve as a substrate for the tyrosinase enzyme. Hence this is an indirect way of blocking melanin production by glutathione.

It also modulates the depigmenting roles of other melano cytotoxic agents. Glutathione is available in the form of pills, sublingual tablets, syrups, solutions, sprays, and parenteral and topical formulation. These days glutathione is also in the injectable form.

Glutathione has an effective safety profile in its oral preparation.

It can be used as a single agent. Also it can be used in combination with Vitamin C, Vitamin E or other. Glutathione also helps in controlling some systemic diseases such as diabetes, Parkinson's Disease, coronary artery disease. As a powerful antioxidant agent, it reduces overall oxidative stress in the body hence fighting against autoimmune diseases.
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