But it turns out Hans wasn't especially good at math

Still, while animals can solve complex problems,how do we know what, or even that, they are thinking?Behaviorists, such as Pavlov and Thorndike, argue that animals that appear to think are usually only responding to reward or punishment.This was the case with Clever Hans,a horse with the amazing ability to tap out answers to math problems.But it turns out Hans wasn't especially good at math,but at reading his unwitting trainer's subtle nonverbal cues for when to stop tapping.So Hans couldn't count,but does that mean he wasn't thinking?After all, he could interpret nuanced social messages,a quality he shared with many other non-human animals.