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Everybody loves a good heist story – especially a successful one. Chuck in corrupt politicians, corporate gangsters and billionaire warlords and you’ve got yourself a winning formula. Set your story in the 17th century, make your protagonist a handsome, mutinous pirate on the run and you’re looking at a sure-fire Hollywood blockbuster. Except that in this case, there isn’t one. Henry Every pulled off the heist of the century, when in 1694 he seized his ship in a mutiny, sailed half way around the globe and bailed up a treasure fleet owned by the mighty Mughal Emperor of India, Aurangzeb. The result was not only the richest treasure haul in history, but an abject humiliation for the sultan, and a collapse of the tenuous trade agreement with the fledgling East India Company that almost triggered a war. The scandal provoked the first ever global manhunt, with the absconding captain evading all attempts at capture, vanishing into thin air, and being one of the few significant pirates in history to ever get away with it. His exploits turned him into an English folk hero, with ballads, books and even theatre immortalising – and mythologising- his deeds. Every’s short but audacious career served as an inspiration to dozens of more well-known and notorious pirates that were to prowl the Oceans over the following century. And yet, though his story supplied the archetype of the swashbuckling and evasive hero to dozens of films, his name has today been largely forgotten despite the fact that the resultant political and economic shockwaves of his robbery would eventually topple empires and go on to change the course of history. If you’re just a little bit curious about how one man, with a little luck and lots of ingenuity could create such pandemonium, then join us, me hearties, as we dive into the life and times of legendary pirate, Captain Henry Every. Arrgh #pirates #history #mughal #eastindiacompany #empire #india #war All footage used in this montage is for educational purposes. It remains the property of its respective creators, and is gratefully acknowledged in the end credits. Copyright Disclaimer- under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favour of fair use. Please contact us on info@heroesandlegends.com.au if you have any concerns about its use. 00:00 0:02:49 Background 0:08:00 Aurangzeb 0:40:00 Pirates 0:16:51 The East India Company 0:46:50 Spanish Expedition Shipping 1:02:47 Away 1:49:48 The Fallout 1:56:00 Show Trial 2:10:52 Conclusion If you enjoy my content, leave your suggestions and comments below, and please consider making a donation via the heart-shaped Thanks link on your YouTube screen; via PayPal; or why not sign up as a Patreon supporter to help me continue making these unfunded free educational videos: https://www.paypal.com/donate/?hosted_button_id=4D958V58PAVDU https://www.patreon.com/heroesandlegends https://buymeacoffee.com/infoQh For an audio-narration only version of this video please visit the Heroes and Legends Documentary Channel Podcast, via Spotify, Itunes or other leading broadcasters. https://www.buzzsprout.com/1989195 For resources, links to my other videos, merchandise, the latest social media posts and podcast links, please visit my Heroes and Legends Website: www.heroesandlegends.com.au Follow us on Facebook, Instagram, and Tiktok https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100081972147936 https://www.instagram.com/heroesandlegendsdocumentary/ https://www.tiktok.com/@heroes.and.legends?is_from_webapp=1&sender_device=pc

When many people think of Africa, they visualise wide open spaces, incredible wildlife and colourful friendly people with vibrant cultures, costumes and music. We might also contemplate the tragedy of the African slave trade and the consequences of colonialism. But what if I told you there was one powerful African kingdom in particular, that, when they first came into contact with Europeans, voluntarily and enthusiastically transformed their entire civilisation almost overnight– adopting the language, religion, fashion and even feudal aristocratic customs of the Portuguese, establishing diplomatic embassies in Lisbon, Madrid and even the Vatican, training their own clergy and corresponding regularly with popes and monarchs across Europe as well as participating in the political machinations of a post-renaissance Europe at war with itself. Though their story ultimately was to come to a tragic end, it was full of political intrigue, amazon warrior queens, and a quest for power that was integral to the History of the West, particularly in the Americas, which was inexorably linked to the kingdom’s rise and fall. If you’re just a little bit curious about this powerful, deeply catholic kingdom in the darkest heart of Africa, then join us as we dive into the history of the Kingdom of Kongo; its troubled relationship with Portugal and its tragic role in the Transatlantic Slave Trade; whose incredible heroes would go on to inspire generations of their descendants, with stories of mighty Amazon warrior queens; and tales of the Brazilian Black Spartacus and his renegade kingdom of Palmares. #congo #history #portugal #africa #zumbidospalmares #palmares #brazil #gangazumba #Njinga #Nzinga #africanqueen All footage used in this montage is for educational purposes. It remains the property of its respective creators, and is gratefully acknowledged in the end credits. Copyright Disclaimer- under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favour of fair use. Please contact us on info@heroesandlegends.com.au if you have any concerns about its use. If you enjoy my content, leave your suggestions and comments below, and please consider making a donation via the heart-shaped Thanks link on your Youtube screen; via PayPal; or why not sign up as a Patreon supporter to help me continue making these unfunded free educational videos: https://www.paypal.com/donate/?hosted_button_id=4D958V58PAVDU https://www.patreon.com/heroesandlegends https://buymeacoffee.com/infoQh For an audio-narration only version of this video please visit the Heroes and Legends Documentary Channel Podcast, via Spotify, Itunes or other leading broadcasters. https://www.buzzsprout.com/1989195 For resources, links to my other videos, merchandise, the latest social media posts and podcast links, please visit my Heroes and Legends Website: www.heroesandlegends.com.au Follow us on Facebook, Instagram, and Tiktok https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100081972147936 https://www.instagram.com/heroesandlegendsdocumentary/ https://www.tiktok.com/@heroes.and.legends?is_from_webapp=1&sender_device=pc

Few politicians have been as polarising as UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, who led her country during a tumultuous time in history, between 1979 and 1990. She was the first female leader of a major political party in British History; and its longest continually serving prime minister of the 20th century. She led her country to victory in the Falklands conflict; presided over the decolonisation of a number of former dominions, successfully pressuring warring factions in Rhodesia and the Apartheid regime of South Africa to come to a peaceful transition of power. She was a major player in the struggle against communism and the eventual breakup of the Soviet Union. But she also instigated a complete overhaul of the British economic system in a process that would eventually be named after her (Thatcherism); in which a massive privatisation and deregulation push of entire industries such as energy, communications, welfare, healthcare and transport into the private sector would cause substantial upheaval to many dependant communities. Nevertheless, these policies drove a surge in investment, GDP and capital that transformed Britain into a modern, efficient and productive nation that successive governments both left and right would continue to endorse. She was a conservative who nevertheless drove a number of progressive environmental policies. She was a traditionalist, yet supported free speech and personal liberty. She was a woman who believed herself to be the equal of any man in the arena, yet she was no feminist. In so many ways Margaret Thatcher was full of contradictions, yet most historians agree that in a world of wishy-washy populism, she was perhaps the only truly conviction politician who refused to back down from making the tough decisions that she believed would give individuals the greatest opportunities to thrive and make her nation great once more. #thatcher #margaretthatcher #politics #heroes #falklands #suez #history #unitedkingdom #british All footage used in this montage is for educational purposes. It remains the property of its respective creators, and is gratefully acknowledged in the end credits. Copyright Disclaimer- under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favour of fair use. Please contact us on info@heroesandlegends.com.au if you have any concerns about its use. 00:00 07:43 The Wesleyan Methodists 17:16 The Liberal Party 19:46 Youth, University and Early Career 33:41 Anglo-Egyptian War and Suez Crisis 50:25 Postwar Economic Theory 101 (Keynesianism and Miltonian Neoliberalism) 1:10:01 Leadership 1:19:53 Northern Ireland 1:21:58 Falkland Islands Backstory 1:31:30 Argentina and the Falklands Conflict 1:46:49 Rhodesia and South Africa and Saddam Hussein 1:52:00 Hong Kong, Gorbachev, Europe and the Trade Unions 1:57:00 Thatcher the Greenie 1:58:00 Third Term and downfall 2:08:20 Death and Legacy ERRATA/CORRIGENDA 1. In the section on the Suez Crisis, Ismail Pasha's birth and death is wrong (it should be 1830-1895). Classic cut and paste blunder sorry! If you enjoy my content, leave your suggestions and comments below, and please consider making a donation via the heart-shaped Thanks link on your Youtube screen; via PayPal; or why not sign up as a Patreon supporter to get advanced screenings of new videos and help me continue making these unfunded educational videos: https://www.paypal.com/donate/?hosted_button_id=4D958V58PAVDU https://www.patreon.com/heroesandlegends https://buymeacoffee.com/infoQh For an audio-narration only version of this video please visit the Heroes and Legends Documentary Channel Podcast, via Spotify, Itunes or other leading broadcasters. For resources, links to my other videos, merchandise, the latest social media posts and podcast links, please visit my Heroes and Legends Website: www.heroesandlegends.com.au

Few enlightenment thinkers are as famous as the French writer Voltaire. Born into a modest though socially ambitious family, he found his talent for writing early and by his late teens was punching way above his weight as a playwright and poet earning accolades and raising eyebrows for his witty use of satire to make not-so-subtle criticisms of church and state. Indeed he would spend his entire adult life dodging the authorities, often writing under multiple pseudonyms and denying authorship of most of his scandalous books, for which there was no shortage of interest among the literate class of Paris, while the government burned his prolific output on a continuous basis in the public square. In his long and productive life he would write more than 2000 books and articles- including several massive encyclopaedic volumes. He would correspond with both monarchs and nobodies, on subjects as diverse as geology and free-speech; history and biology; mathematics and religious tolerance. His fortunes would take him from the Bastille and exile to the court of Frederick the Great, back to the Bastille and exile again. His very name became synonymous with both scandal and genius, and yet despite his herculean output, he nevertheless found time to advocate for the downtrodden and oppressed classes – often at substantial personal expense. He would ferociously denounce laws and customs he believed were unjust and savage his enemies in brutal polemical arguments, yet was incredibly generous to the point of being a sucker. He had an iron wit yet was an interminable hypochondriac. He was a Frenchman who loved the English way of life, always tearing at the fabric of his corrupt society. Perhaps more than any other individual of the time, his works challenged people to think deeply about the need to evolve our institutions and culture to be more humane, rational and accountable. If you want to know a bit more about this genius who stood at the crossroads between the old Europe and the New, then join us, as we dive into life and times of Voltaire, the Rascal philosopher. #voltaire #history #france #enlightenment #philosophy 00:00 02:57 The Hundred Years War 13:05 Franco-Spanish War & the Fronde Rebellion 20:30 Voltaire's Family Background 23:30 The Jansenists 33:00 Young Voltaire's early literary exposure 38:00 Louis XV regency and trouble 42:17 Oedipe (Oedipus) 52:00 Danger, escape, and Lord Bolingbroke 55:05 La Henriade and King Henry IV of France 57:40 Insults, duels, the Bastille and exile to England 1:07:00 Zaïre 1:08:05 La Pucelle 1:11:00 Emilie- Marquise du Chatelet and the chateau of Cirey 1:16:00 Frederick the Great of Prussia 1:23:00 Prussia 1:27:00 Les Delices and Switzerland 1:30:00 Leibniz, the philosophy of Optimism and the Lisbon Earthquake 1:31:55 Candide 1:46:31 Jean Jacques Rousseau 1:51:00 Ferney 1:53:30 The Calas affair All footage used in this montage is for educational purposes. It remains the property of its respective creators, and is gratefully acknowledged in the end credits of the full length video. Copyright Disclaimer- under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favour of fair use. Please contact us on info@heroesandlegends.com.au if you have any concerns about its use. If you enjoy my content, leave your suggestions and comments below, and please consider making a donation via the heart-shaped Thanks link on your Youtube screen; via PayPal; or why not sign up as a Patreon supporter to help me continue making these unfunded educational videos: https://www.paypal.com/donate/?hosted_button_id=4D958V58PAVDU https://www.patreon.com/heroesandlegends https://buymeacoffee.com/infoQh For an audio-narration only version of this video please visit the Heroes and Legends Documentary Channel Podcast, via Spotify, Itunes or other leading broadcasters. For resources, links to my other videos, merchandise, the latest social media posts and podcast links, please visit my Heroes and Legends Website: www.heroesandlegends.com.au

This is a story about a little known, yet much misunderstood hero. But more than that it is also a story about a clash of philosophies, the dawn of a new era; a young nation, and a once mighty one - both in their own way experiencing an identity crisis. In 1911, a young Norwegian explorer called Roald Amundsen reached the south Geographic Pole in a slick, clinical, sportsmanlike operation, having recently also been the first man to sail through the fabled North-West Passage on the other side of the globe. In doing so, he eclipsed a massive, lavishly funded, British polar expedition which was characterised by poor organisation, incompetent leadership and gross negligence that led to tragic suffering and loss of life. What followed in Britain was nothing less than a public cover-up, and whitewashing of their own expedition’s failures. Amundsen was characterised as a usurper and glory seeker, such that his reputation suffered even in his own fledgling nation of Norway. Undeterred, he would nevertheless push on with his polar ambitions, pioneering technology and protocols that saw him become the first explorer to reach both the north and south poles, the first to fly a plane beyond the arctic circle and even the first to fly an airship over the North Pole. A very private and driven man unused to public life or promotional spin, his serious and reserved nature won him few friends, while his unromantic writing style and matter of fact lectures hardly fired the popular imagination, hungry as they were for swashbuckling heroics and adventure; such that his stature has been overshadowed by the likes of Scott and Shackleton. In recent decades, a more sober reflection on what we now call the Heroic age of Polar exploration has begun to restore Amundsen to his pre-eminent position as the greatest of all Polar explorers. He was a man who spent years among the Netsilik Eskimo, studying their survival skills in minute detail, while astutely observing their culture with the greatest admiration and respect; pragmatically and successfully adopting their stone age wisdom while also embracing cutting edge technology. He was a man ahead of his time, yet was wise enough to apply the skills of the ancient ways in attaining his arctic goals. Join us as we dive into the life and times of Roald Amundsen, quiet conqueror of the earth’s Polar regions. #amundsen #roaldamundsen #explorer #northpole #southpole #arctic #antarctica #shackleton #norway #hero All footage used in this montage is for educational purposes. It remains the property of its respective creators, and is gratefully acknowledged in the end credits. Copyright Disclaimer- under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favour of fair use. Please contact us on info@heroesandlegends.com.au if you have any concerns about its use. Content: 00:00 02:20 Fritjof Nansen's Greenland expedition 04:36 Sir John Franklin's expeditions 17:09 Fritjof Nansen's Fram Expedition to the North Pole 23:08 The Belgica Expedition 1897 30:53 Amundsen's North West Passage Expedition 53:50 The British Discovery Expedition 59:45 Ernest Shackleton's Nimrod Expedition 1:05:40 Amundsens Decision to head South 1:12:02 Scott v Amundsen- the race is on 1:27:35 Scott's push for the Pole 1:37:50 Amundsen's Maud Expedition 1:39:50 Lincoln Elseworth and The Dornier flights 1:41:42 The Norge Airship Expedition 1:45:28 Closing Remarks ERRATA / CORRIGENDA: 1. In the introduction (only), the south pole conquest is mentioned as happening in 1912, instead of 1911. Oops. 2. At 29:40 the narrator says the sun returned in June. in Antarctica the sun actually returns in September If you enjoy my content, leave your suggestions and comments below, and please consider making a donation via the heart-shaped Thanks link on your Youtube screen; via PayPal; or why not sign up as a Patreon supporter to help me continue making these unfunded educational videos: https://www.paypal.com/donate/?hosted_button_id=4D958V58PAVDU https://www.patreon.com/heroesandlegends https://buymeacoffee.com/infoQh For an audio-narration only version of this video please visit the Heroes and Legends Documentary Channel Podcast, via Spotify, Itunes or other leading broadcasters. For resources, links to my other videos, merchandise, the latest social media posts and podcast links, please visit my Heroes and Legends Website: www.heroesandlegends.com.au

We often look at history through the actions of great individuals, technological developments and natural events that initiate social, political and economic change. Sometimes animals play a role in those changes - such as the domestication of sheep, cattle and horses thousands of years ago as sources of food and burden or the ability to travel quickly and provide their riders with a battle platform. But despite those benefits, Europeans nevertheless continued to some degree to be constrained in their ability to travel long distances across oceans by the limits of nutritional deficiency- that is to say, disease borne of malnutrition. But all this began to change when the Vikings began to dry and store a fish called the Cod, whose particular makeup was unlike that of other fish. When they introduced it to other Europeans, the Basques in particular began salting the cod, which made the fish even more resistant to spoiling, and allowed them to travel great distances by ship. Tied into this new ability to travel was the discovery by fishermen of America - long before the celebrated explorers that we all learned about in school. These fishermen were feeding the impoverished and famine affected population of Europe with American Cod centuries before their monarchs began their official scramble for control of the New World, and the story of how they came to do it is one not widely known. Moreover, its also not widely known, that the Cod played a substantial role not only in the survival, economy and independence of the colonies of North America, but they facilitated significant social, political and economic progress that has led directly to the formation of the liberal democracies we live in today. #cod #documentary #vikings #basque #history #columbus #exploration #fishing #conservation #cabot #america #newfoundland #canada #bristol All footage used in this montage is for educational purposes. It remains the property of its respective creators, and is gratefully acknowledged in the end credits. Copyright Disclaimer- under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favour of fair use. Please contact us on info@heroesandlegends.com.au if you have any concerns about its use. The concept and some of the data used in the video was drawn from Mark Kurlansky's book: Cod- a biography of the fish that changed the world. Grateful acknowledgement and a great read! Content: 00:00 0:02:55 Basque Prehistory, Roman and Post Roman History 0:10:05 Eric Thorvaldsson 0:12:45 Leif Erikson and the American Viking Colonies 0:18:47 Basque Cod Fishing during the middle ages 0:23:10 The Hanseatic League 0:25:07 Hy-Brazil & the Croft and Jay expedition of 1480 0:27:55 John Cabot / Giovanni Caboto and his connection to Columbus and Vespucci 0:32:04 Joao Fernandes Lavrador 0:34:57 Pre Columbian Atlantic Crossing by of Alonso Sanchez de Huelva 0:37:12 Jacques Cartier's voyage to Canada 0:39:01 Other Pre-Columbian Atlantic Crossings: 0:55:09 The English move into Canada, Salt Problems and the Portuguese alliance 0:59:30 John Smith, Jamestown and the Pilgrim emigration to Plymouth 1:00:00 New England Cod fishing economy and the Codfish Aristocracy 1:05:08 Caribbean exports and the Molasses Aristocracy 1:07:10 The Trade and Navigation Acts; Stamp Act and road to Revolution 1:11:33 John Adams and the Post Revolutionary claims on Fishing Grounds 1:23:34 19th C. Evolutionary theory and Infinite Resources 1:26:50 Clarence Birdseye 1:29:33 Harry Truman, Continental Shelf Laws and the Icelandic Cod Wars 1:37:00 Decline of American Fisheries and Conclusion ERRATA / CORRIGENDA: 1. while there's no doubt that Eric was grossly exaggerating the charms of Greenland, we do know that during the medieval warm period some isolated farming was possible. I hope viewers will forgive my "milking the meme" for added humour. 2. Hy-Brazil was an Irish Celtic legend about an enchanted island somewhere off the western coast, shrouded in a dense mist that made it difficult to find. It was said to be a paradise, with music, feasting, and eternal youth, and was ruled by a powerful wizard or druid. In the video I suggested it might have originated with Basque or Viking sailors. 3. Its been pointed out the the Basque language is called Euskera or Euskara, not Euskadi. https://www.paypal.com/donate/?hosted_button_id=4D958V58PAVDU https://www.patreon.com/heroesandlegends https://buymeacoffee.com/infoQh For an audio-narration only version of this video please visit the Heroes and Legends Documentary Channel Podcast, via Spotify, Itunes or other leading broadcasters.

Few people know about the broader history of Ireland, and its long and tragic relationship with England: the uprisings and repression, the famines and exodus, or the political persecution that condemned activists to rot half way round the world as convicts in the brutal penal colonies of Australia. In this video, we’ll take a brief look at Irish history, its complex historical relationship with Britain, and as an interesting aside, the little known, though extraordinarily daring breakout of Fenian political prisoners from one of colonial Australia’s toughest convict prisons. From the post-Roman period and St Patrick; the Viking raids; the Anglo-Norman conquest, integration and and Tudor Protestant Plantations, through the Nine Years War, The War of the three Kingdoms; the Potato Famine and Fenian rising- aided by American ex-pats who were on a tragic journey of their own; the imprisonment, and escape of of rebels and the eventual push for Home Rule and lasting scars; in this video we examine the broad sweep of the Irish people's struggle for liberty, equality and sovereignty. Join us as we dive into the history of the Irish Problem, Fenian Rebels and the Catalpa rescue. #Irish, #Ireland, #Fenian, #rebels, #Catalpa, #history, #documentary, #stpatrick All footage used in this montage is for educational purposes. It remains the property of its respective creators, and is gratefully acknowledged in the end credits. Copyright Disclaimer- under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favour of fair use. Please contact us on info@heroesandlegends.com.au if you have any concerns about its use. Content: 02:22 St. Patrick 08:30 The Vikings 09:32 Henry II and the Anglo-Normans 14:00 The Tudors, Nine Years War and Protestant Plantations 18:05 Cromwell 22:53 Scots-Irish and the United Irishmen 27:56 Vinegar Hill 1796 29:28 Act of Union 32:00 Potato Famine 34:42 Thomas Malthus 38:12 Abdul Mejid I & Ottoman Aid 39:13 Young Ireland Movement 41:20 Fenian Brotherhood 42:26 Stephens and the Irish Republican Brotherhood 43:19 American Civil War 49:15 Fenian Rising 50:34 Fremantle, Australia 57:48 John Boyle O'Reilly 1:03:14 Fenian invasions of Canada 1:05:18 The Catalpa Rescue 1:26:27 Easter Uprising 1916 1:28:58 Partition 1:31:51 Closing Remarks ERRATA / CORRIGENDA: (please raise any errors in the comment section and we'll endeavour to list them here) If you enjoy my content, leave your suggestions and comments below, and please consider making a donation via the heart-shaped Thanks link on your Youtube screen; via PayPal; or why not sign up as a Patreon supporter to help me continue making these unfunded educational videos: https://www.paypal.com/donate/?hosted_button_id=4D958V58PAVDU https://www.patreon.com/heroesandlegends https://buymeacoffee.com/infoQh For an audio-narration only version of this video please visit the Heroes and Legends Documentary Channel Podcast, via Spotify, Itunes or other leading broadcasters. For resources, links to my other videos, merchandise, the latest social media posts and podcast links, please visit my Heroes and Legends Website: www.heroesandlegends.com.au

Joan of Arc; the Maid of Orleans; Jeanne D'Arc, Jehanne la Pucelle: she goes by many names. A provincial French peasant girl, barely in her teens, living in relative poverty, illiteracy and complete subordination during a time of total war and medieval brutality. Imagine this traumatised though deeply pious child having visions of angels and saints, and being commanded by them to seek out the dauphin (the French word for Crown Prince) and convince him to let her lead his demoralised army and liberate their kingdom from a powerful enemy. Most people then, as now, would have thought her at best, mentally ill. But so determined was she to carry out her mission, that no amount of opposition, discrimination or humiliation was going to stand in her way. Never taking NO for an answer, she eventually got her audience with the dauphin, she also got her army, and with it, proceeded to blaze her way across France, inspiring troops and civilians alike to fight on against overwhelming odds and turn the tide of war against England finally in their favour; always leading from the front and being herself seriously wounded on multiple occasions. This naïve teenager would soon wipe out the celebrated army of English longbowmen that had so humiliated her country at Crecy and Agincourt, such that it would take a generation for them to appear in force again on any battlefield. She would live to see her king, Charles VII crowned, only to suffer capture, a show trial and a horrible demise at the hands of the English; based entirely on her being a woman daring to participate in a man’s world. #joanofarc, #jeannedarc, jehannedarc, #hundredyearswar, #orléans, #orleans, #history, #documentary, #heroesandlegends, #girlpower All footage used in this montage is for educational purposes. It remains the property of its respective creators, and is gratefully acknowledged in the end credits of the full length video. Copyright Disclaimer- under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favour of fair use. Please contact us on info@heroesandlegends.com.au if you have any concerns about its use. ERRATUM / CORRIGENDUM: 1. in the video i mention the French revolution starting in 1798. Of course I really meant to say 1789. oops! For a longer, audio-narration only version of this video that includes an extra summary of the Hundred Years War, Please visit the Heroes and Legends Documentary Channel Podcast, via Spotify, Itunes or other leading broadcasters. If you enjoy my content, leave your suggestions and comments below, and please consider making a donation via the heart-shaped Thanks link on your Youtube screen; via PayPal; or why not sign up as a Patreon supporter to help me continue making these unfunded educational videos: https://www.paypal.com/donate/?hosted_button_id=4D958V58PAVDU https://www.patreon.com/heroesandlegends https://buymeacoffee.com/infoQh For resources, links to my other videos, merchandise, the latest social media posts and podcast links, please visit my Heroes and Legends Website: www.heroesandlegends.com.au Some of the ambient music in the video attributed to: The Evening of Departure by Twin Musicom is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Artist: http://www.twinmusicom.org/

September 2022 marks the 500th anniversary of the first circumnavigation of the globe by the expedition led by Ferdinand Magellan (Fernando de Magallanes/Fernão de Magalhães), and completed by Juan Sebastian Elcano- and it should be mentioned, a young slave boy by the name of Henry (Enrique) of Malacca. The story of how the spurned Portuguese Captain went to work for the Spanish is full of court intrigue, international espionage, daring exploits and narrow escapes; but also one of tragic blunders, mutiny and betrayal. Underscoring the fierce competition between Spain and Portugal for naval supremacy and a trade monopoly to the Orient is also the drama of East-West confrontation; the demise of Islamic hegemony and the emergence of European global economic & military dominance and a clash of cultures that changed the face of the world forever. #magellan #magallanes #magalhaes #elcano #lapulapu #circumnavigation #enrique #malacca #spain #portugal #anniversary All footage used in this montage is for educational purposes. It remains the property of its respective creators, and is gratefully acknowledged in the end credits of the full length video. Copyright Disclaimer- under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favour of fair use. Please contact us on info@heroesandlegends.com.au if you have any concerns about its use. ERRATA / CORRIGENDA: 01:45 Image is of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, not Magellan (the same picture recurs on occasion within the thousand or so 5 second clips). Sorry! If you enjoy my content, leave your suggestions and comments below, and please consider making a donation via the heart-shaped Thanks link on your Youtube screen; via PayPal; or why not sign up as a Patreon supporter to help me continue making these unfunded educational videos: https://www.paypal.com/donate/?hosted_button_id=4D958V58PAVDU https://www.patreon.com/heroesandlegends https://buymeacoffee.com/infoQh To access a pdf - English OCR translation of Antonio Pigafetta's personal diary of the Magellan Voyage please visit our resource section at www.heroesandlegends.com.au For a list of film sources used in this video montage please see end credits. For an audio-narration only version of this video please visit the Heroes and Legends Documentary Channel Podcast, via Spotify, Itunes or other leading broadcasters. For resources, links to my other videos, merchandise, the latest social media posts and podcast links, please visit my Heroes and Legends Website: www.heroesandlegends.com.au

Thomas Paine was a plain talking, big thinking common man - self educated in matters of science, philosophy, activism and political theory. His pamphlets and books inspired ordinary people throughout the colonies of America to stand up for their rights and throw off the yoke of British domination. Soon after, these books were smuggled into France, where they inspired the Third Estate to agitate for the guarantee of their natural rights. Eventually, this grass roots activism would lead to the overthrow of the French Monarchy in the French Revolution, where Paine would be granted honorary citizenship, a seat in its parliament and a voice in the drafting of the French Republic's constitution. He would eventually go on to write on many issues of social justice, including abolition, universal suffrage, aged care, education, welfare, healthcare and anti-corruption in government. This occasionally made him a target of powerful people, and despite his heroic status, he was eventually marginalised and forgotten. Overshadowed by the major players who used his tireless campaigning to their advantage, Paine died in obscurity and poverty, having transformed the landscape of democracy across three continents, and was the source of many of our greatest achievements in civil discourse and progress over the last 250 years. #thomaspaine, #americanhero, #democracy, #frenchrevolution, #documentary All film sources used in this montage remain the property of their respected creators, and are gratefully acknowledged in the end credits. If you enjoy my content, leave your suggestions and comments below, and please consider making a donation via PayPal or sign up as a Patreon supporter to help me continue making these unfunded educational videos: https://www.paypal.com/donate/?hosted_button_id=4D958V58PAVDU https://www.patreon.com/heroesandlegends https://buymeacoffee.com/infoQh Or visit my Heroes and Legends website: https://heroesandlegends.com.au ERRATA / CORRIGENDA: Please see below for any errors picked up by viewers post production: 1. Washington crossed the Delaware River, not the Potomac on Christmas night 1776. 2. At about 1:06:00 I write that Paine was against the execution of Louis XIV. It should have been Louis XVI. 3. Thomas Paine's cottage in New Rochelle is in New York, not New Jersey For downloads of his major works, please visit the resources section on the Heroes and Legends Website at www.heroesandlegends.com.au (All rights to the providers of the documents). For resources, links to my other videos, merchandise, the latest social media posts and podcast links, please visit my Heroes and Legends Website: www.heroesandlegends.com.au