A Day In History

Install Raid for Free ✅ IOS/ANDROID/PC: https://clcr.me/ADayInHistory and get a special starter pack with an Epic champion ⚡️ Kellan the Shrike ⚡️ Join RAID’s 4th Anniversary celebration, use the Promo Codes below to get special B-day gifts: 🎁 4YEARSRAID (includes Legendary Skill Tomes) - Available for ALL users 🎁 FIRESTARTER (includes an Epic champion Ultimate Galek) - Available for New users 💡 Superb tip for New players: get Kellan the Shrike using the link above and enter the promo code FIRESTARTER to grab Ultimate Galek and gain two topnotch champions at once 💡 Note that only 1 Promo code can be used within 24 hours We all know that governments keep secrets from their citizens. In an ideal world, we like to think that all of these lies are necessary to protect national security or avoid a panic. In most democracies, we can hope that the government will eventually declassify these secrets. The US government has plenty of secrets of its own and, thankfully, it has a relatively good record of declassifying material when it no longer poses a risk to security. Buried in these declassified files, however, are gruesome, terrifying, and outright disturbing revelations of what the most powerful nation on earth has gotten up to over the years. Today on A Day In History, we’re looking at some of the worst and weirdest secrets revealed by declassified documents. If you’re interested in topics like this, check out our other videos looking at the secrets of the CIA or the actions of other governments like Soviet Russia and Nazi Germany. You can also like this video and subscribe to keep up with similar videos in the future. Tuskegee is far from the only government secret whose effects are still being felt today. Questions have long been raised over the events leading to the US invasion of Iraq in 2003 and whether the government lied about its claims that Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction. Throughout 2002 and 2003, the US and UK claimed to have uncovered mounting evidence of Iraq’s secret nuclear weapons program. The smoking gun in these allegations were a set of documents supposedly showing that Iraq had been secretly attempting to buy massive amounts of uranium from Niger. Niger was one of the world’s biggest supplies of uranium and both the US and UK governments pointed to this as concrete proof of Iraq’s sinister intentions. We’ve only caught a glimpse of the secrets hidden in the files of the US government. We can only wonder what else will be revealed in time and what will never be revealed at all. There’s also many other governments around the world who don’t declassify their secrets, leaving us to question what other bizarre or disturbing things have gone on under our noses. Only time will tell… In this video, we'll be taking a look at some of the most bizarre and shocking declassified government documents from the United States. From top-secret CIA experiments to government cover-ups, these documents provide a glimpse into the darker side of American history. DISCLAIMER: All materials in these videos are used for entertainment purposes and fall within the guidelines of fair use. No copyright infringement intended. If you are, or represent, the copyright owner of materials used in this video, and have an issue with the use of said material, please send an email to adayinhistory2021@gmail.com #cia #history #classified #ciasecrets #governmentsecrets Scriptwriter: Nathan Hewitt Video Editor & Motion Graphics: Aditya Voice-over Artist: Lain Heringman Music: Motionarray.com Copyright © 2021 A Day In History. All rights reserved.

Japan has a unique history. From the early 17th century until the mid-19th century, the island-nation was isolated from the world by order of the ruling Shoguns, the military-leaders who ruled in the name of the emperor. Foreigners were only allowed on one small island near Nagasaki, and no Japanese at all were allowed to leave – ever. This all changed in 1853-54, when American naval officer Matthew C. Perry forcibly opened Japan to international trade. What the naval officers and Marines in Perry's fleet saw when they came ashore in Japan shocked them – Japan had been suspended in time since the early 1600s. Its buildings, clothing, and especially weapons, were 200 years behind America and the Western world. At the same time, China was becoming almost a vassal state of European countries. Sections of the country were under virtual foreign rule, and the Chinese had been forced to sign a series of what historians call “The Unequal Treaties.” Foreigners enjoyed favorable trade conditions which allowed them to profit greatly while many Chinese suffered. Additionally, in those parts of China, known as “concessions”, under European control or influence, European citizens and soldiers, and later, Americans, were subject to their own law – not that of China. This included crimes committed against Chinese. For all of these reasons and more, the Japanese were determined not to let that happen to their own country. Playing one nation against another and occasionally using the threat of violent uprisings against the Western Powers who came to trade in Japan, while at the same time understanding the limits of their own power and compromising with the West when necessary, the Japanese set themselves two main goals: to modernize their country as quickly as possible, and to prevent the Western countries from doing to Japan what they were doing in China. The Japanese exploited the Chinese under their control economically. China also became one vast laboratory. Its people were subject to not only modern warfare, but were subjects for the Japanese military to learn about chemical and biological weapons. The war itself cost China millions of people, but in the military and among civilians. The estimates of Chinese losses from 1936-45 range from ten to twenty million people. Doing his best to increase that total was a monster named Shiro Ishii. Ishii, like Mengele at Auschwitz, was a doctor. He was born in 1892 into an established middle-class family and became a doctor. In 1921, he joined the army as a surgeon. Ishii was fascinated by the process of infection, and after a trip to the battlefields of WWI Europe, became interested in the possibilities of chemical and biological weapons. #unit731 #history #unit731japan #unit731experiments DISCLAIMER: All materials in these videos are used for entertainment purposes and fall within the guidelines of fair use. No copyright infringement intended. If you are, or represent, the copyright owner of materials used in this video, and have an issue with the use of said material, please send an email to adayinhistory2021@gmail.com Scriptwriter: Mathew Gaskill Video Editor & Motion Graphics: Naman Meena Voice-over Artist: Lain Heringman Music: Motionarray.com Copyright © 2021 A Day In History. All rights reserved.

The Silent Holocaust, also known as the Guatemalan Genocide, was a brutal period in the history of Guatemala. This dark chapter in human history saw the extermination of an estimated 200,000 Indigenous people, mostly Mayan, by the Guatemalan government and military forces between 1960 and 1996. Despite the enormity of this tragedy, it remains relatively unknown to the wider world. In this video, we aim to shed light on this devastating event in history and its impact on the people of Guatemala. We will explore the reasons behind the genocide, the methods used by the government and military forces to execute their plan, and the aftermath of the violence. Throughout the video, we will hear from survivors, witnesses, and experts who will share their first-hand experiences and knowledge of this period in Guatemala's history. We will also examine the international community's response to the genocide and the ongoing struggle for justice and accountability. By examining the Silent Holocaust, we hope to educate viewers on this tragic event and encourage them to reflect on the importance of human rights and the role of governments in protecting their citizens. We also aim to highlight the continued need for international attention and action to ensure that such atrocities never happen again. Join us as we delve into the history of the Guatemalan Genocide, and explore the impact it had on the Indigenous people of Guatemala. Don't forget to subscribe to our channel for more thought-provoking videos on important social and historical issues. Keywords: Silent Holocaust, Guatemalan, Indigenous people, Mayan, government, military forces, human rights, international community, justice, accountability. #history #silentholocaust #cia #indigeneous #guatemalan Scriptwriter: Nathan Hewitt Video Editor & Motion Graphics: Aditya Voice-over Artist: Stephen Vox Music: Motionarray.com & Epidemic music Copyright © 2021 A Day In History. All rights reserved. DISCLAIMER: All materials in these videos are used for entertainment purposes and fall within the guidelines of fair use. No copyright infringement intended. If you are, or represent, the copyright owner of materials used in this video, and have an issue with the use of said material, please send an email to adayinhistory2021@gmail.com

Few organizations have a reputation quite like that of the Central Intelligence Agency. The CIA’s mission is to protect the United States from enemies foreign and domestic, but over the years, questions have been raised over whether the CIA's actions live up to its noble goals. We recently shared a video looking at some of the darker secrets of the CIA. Today, we’ll be looking at even more stories that show the sinister and downright bizarre things the CIA has gotten up to over the years. Before we start, please don’t forget to help the channel by liking and subscribing to support us for more videos like this one. Operation Gondola Wish Sometimes, what the CIA got up to was not so much terrifying as it was insane. By the 1960s, gripped by Cold War paranoia, the CIA had become convinced that the Soviets had figured out how to use “paranormal senses” to gather intelligence. They genuinely believed that the US was vulnerable to these new techniques of “parapsychology” and that action had to be taken to counter them. These ‘techniques’ included psychokinesis, moving objects with the mind, out-of-body experiences, which allowed people to ‘leave’ their bodies and move around, and remote viewing, which allowed people to see or sense things without any apparent physical way to do so. By 1970, the CIA was funding a research program called SCANATE to investigate “gifted individuals” who possessed these special talents. Surprisingly, these early experiments reported an accuracy rate of over 65% in many instances. There was enough perceived success to form a proper project, codenamed Gondola Wish, by 1977. Gondola Wish was supposed to consolidate this parapsychology research so that it could be properly integrated into counterintelligence. It proposed training people in these techniques to act as special agents in Eastern Europe. The documents relating to Gondola Wish treat it with complete seriousness. For example, the CIA put great thought into who might be recruited for such work. They were worried that the paranormal nature of the work would offend some people’s religious sensibilities, creating a risk that they would go to the public to expose what they thought was an “immoral” project. It is also apparent from the documents that, for whatever reason, the Soviets were believed to be equally certain of the value of this research. Since Russia does not declassify things in the same manner as the US, we can’t really know how far the Soviets really took these experiments. It’s even possible that the Soviets were leading the CIA on a wild goose chase to rate their time - such things were known to happen in the Cold War - but we can only speculate. #cia #history #classified #ciasecrets #mkultra #projectnorthwood Scriptwriter: Nathan Hewitt Video Editor & Motion Graphics: Aditya Gautam Voice-over Artist: Lain Heringman Music: Motionarray.com Copyright © 2021 A Day In History. All rights reserved. DISCLAIMER: All materials in these videos are used for entertainment purposes and fall within the guidelines of fair use. No copyright infringement intended. If you are, or represent, the copyright owner of materials used in this video, and have an issue with the use of said material, please send an email to adayinhistory2021@gmail.com

Today, the Philippine capital, Manila, is a sprawling city of about 2 million people. Known as "The Pearl of the Orient" for its beauty before WWII, Manila, a bustling city and the center of politics and business in the Philippines, has not captured its pre-war beauty since 1945. The reason is simple: Manila was destroyed at the end of WWII. Following their 1946 independence from the United States, Filipinos and their government relied on the US and its money to rebuild a war-torn economy. For the US, rebuilding quickly was one of the keys to getting the Philippines back on its feet and preventing a potential communist revolution in the country, which was a distinct possibility. We are about to tell you about the Battle of Manila, which took place in February 1945 and sadly included one of the more tragic episodes of that tragic war. Most of the islands of the Philippines were conquered by Spain in the 16th century. In 1521, Spain claimed the islands, and in 1571, Manila was founded. The location of the Philippines is strategically important. So they are today, and they have been since the 1500s. The Spanish used them as a jumping-off point for trading, exploration, and military missions in the Pacific, and they were used by ships heading to China and Japan as a resupply point. On the way home, Spanish and Portuguese ships used the islands to resupply before the long journey home or to South America, where both nations had colonies. The islands were given their name modern name in 1543, named for the then prince, but future King of Spain, Phillip II (1527-98), of Spanish Armada (1588) fame. By the time the Spanish-American War began in 1898, the Philippines had been Spanish for over 375 years. By 1898, many, if not most, Filipinos were Catholic, one of the Roman Catholic Church’s “success stories” in Asia. To a large degree, the Philippines looked towards Europe and, after 1898, America, rather than Asia, for its economic and political future. Filipino culture today, at least in most major cities, especially Manila, is a hybrid between the many indigenous cultures and people and that of the West, making it quite unique. In 1898, the Spanish-American War began over the status of Cuba and the infamous incident in which the US battleship Maine sank in Havana Harbor. We now know that the USS Maine did sink because of an internal accident, as the Spanish claimed. But at the time, American imperial designs, primitive investigation work, and the emergence of a country-wide mass media in the USA caused many Americans to jump to the same conclusion: Spain had attacked the United States. The two countries went to war in April 1898. By July, the war was over. Spain had been shown to be the declining power that many thought it was, and the United States the rising world power. The most important battle of the war was the Battle of Manila Bay, in which the modern US Navy defeated the antiquated Spanish Pacific Fleet. One of the results of the conflict was that the United States would take possession of the Philippines. The Philippines provided an excellent location for the growing United States Navy. The islands could be used as a base and resupply point for US ships in the Pacific, and put China and Japan, to name just two nations, within easy range of the US fleet. #history #manila #ww2 #imperialjapan #japannanking Scriptwriter: Natasha Martell - Matthew Gaskill Video Editor & Motion Graphics: Aditya Gautam Voice-over Artist: Lain Heringman Music: Epidemic Music Copyright © 2021 A Day In History. All rights reserved. DISCLAIMER: All materials in these videos are used for entertainment purposes and fall within the guidelines of fair use. No copyright infringement intended. If you are, or represent, the copyright owner of materials used in this video, and have an issue with the use of said material, please send an email to adayinhistory2021@gmail.com

The Aztec Empire is one of the most infamous empires in history. From their capital of Tenochtitlan, they ruled over much of Mexico in the 15th and early 16th centuries until their conquest by the Spanish conquistadores, led by Hernan Cortes, in 1521. Today, we explore some of the stranger aspects and events in Aztec history. The Aztec Empire was ruled by the Mexica, a people from whom Mexico got its name. The Mexica migrated into Central Mexico in the early to mid 13th Century. Aztec legends claim that they came from a homeland called Aztlan. Historians believe the Mexica really came from desert areas in Northern Mexico or the Southern United States, but what or where ‘Aztlan’ was remains unknown. Famously, the Aztecs claimed that Huitzilopochtli, the God of War and the Sun, told them to settle their new city where they saw an eagle sitting on a cactus. Later recountings of the legend claim that the eagle was eating a snake. They found this sign on the shores of Lake Texcoco, where they founded their city of Tenochtitlan, on the site where Mexico City now stands. This foundation myth is still popular today and the image of an eagle devouring a snake on a cactus remains on the Mexican flag. The history of the Aztec Empire is difficult to recount because of how little evidence survives. There are no pre-conquest textual histories of the Empire and time has buried much of the archaeological evidence beneath modern cities or lost it to nature. As a result, we only get brief glimpses of individual events for most of Aztec history. One of the more unfortunate rulers of the Empire was a man called Tizoc. Tizoc rose to power in 1481 following the death of his elder brother Axayacatl. His name meant “He who makes sacrifices” but this proved to be ironic. As part of his connotation war, Tizoc waged a war against the Otomies of Metztitlan, but the new tlatoani captured a mere 40 prisoners for sacrifice - an embarrassingly poor performance. This pathetic display undermined Aztec strength and Tizoc spent his brief reign desperately subduing the fringes of the Empire who had been emboldened by the weakness of their new overlord. Eventually, even Tizoc’s own family wanted him gone. Tizoc was most likely poisoned by his younger brother Ahuitzotl, who succeeded him on the throne and proved a far better warrior and leader. #aztecs #history #aztecempire #ancienthistory Scriptwriter: Nathan Hewitt Video Editor & Motion Graphics: Naman Meena Voice-over Artist: Lain Heringman Music: Motionarray.com Copyright © 2021 A Day In History. All rights reserved. DISCLAIMER: All materials in these videos are used for entertainment purposes and fall within the guidelines of fair use. No copyright infringement intended. If you are, or represent, the copyright owner of materials used in this video, and have an issue with the use of said material, please send an email to adayinhistory2021@gmail.com

Here's some irony: the Viking Age began circa 793 AD with the famous raid on the monastery at Lindisfarne on the northern English coast. The Vikings that attacked the monastery were probably Danes. And the ancestors of the people at Lindisfarne and many of the people of England were...Danes. Well, not "Dane Danes," but they were from Denmark and Germany near the modern German/Danish border. In the 400s, the native people of England and Wales – the Britons, were subjected to successive waves of invasion by the tribes known to history as the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. The Angles, or as the Romans referred to them, the "Ængle," are believed to have inhabited the area of today's central Denmark. Just to the south of them was another Germanic tribe – the "Saxones." In the north of Denmark were the "Jutes. The far north of Denmark, even today, is called "Jutland" - not because it "juts" into the sea, but because the people that lived that in ancient times were the "Jutes." Unfortunately for the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, the area of Europe they inhabited was either: surrounded by water on three sides or crowded with many other Germanic tribes – not all of which were friendly. But, you know, they were early medieval German tribes – so none were friendly. So, the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, who seem to have been able to, at the very least, reach an understanding about finding a new land to live in, decided to make their way across the sea to "Brittania" as the Romans called the British Isles. When Roman Britain fell around 400, much of the southern part of the island was a Romano-Briton hybrid culture, and among the upper classes, Roman law, customs, dress, etc., were common. The Angles, Saxons, and Jutes put an end to that – in medieval fashion. Over the decades and the next century or so, the Angles and Saxon cultures merged into what we know today as "Saxon England." The Jutes are believed to have settled in East Anglia, the large jutting (no pun intended) peninsula on the southern part of England's east coast. Unfortunately, records of the Jutes are almost nonexistent after they arrive in England. Most believe they were assimilated into the larger Anglo-Saxon culture. #anglosaxons #punishments #history #worstpunishments Scriptwriter: Matthew Gaskill Video Editor & Motion Graphics: Jayson Bohol Voice-over Artist: Stephan Vox Music: Motionarray.com Copyright © 2021 A Day In History. All rights reserved. DISCLAIMER: All materials in these videos are used for entertainment purposes and fall within the guidelines of fair use. No copyright infringement intended. If you are, or represent, the copyright owner of materials used in this video, and have an issue with the use of said material, please send an email to adayinhistory2021@gmail.com

Thank you to Wondrium for sponsoring today's video! Signup for your FREE trial to Wondrium here: http://ow.ly/GOKC50Mf3cO When a historian writes “The Church”, he or she only means one thing – the Catholic Church. For many hundreds of years, the Catholic Church was really the only Christian church in Europe. Or at least in western, central and northern Europe. In Russia and the Byzantine Empire, which included much of the Balkan peninsula, the Orthodox faith held sway. Both the pope in Rome and the Patriarch of the Orthodox Church in Constantinople worked tirelessly to make theirs the ONLY Christian church, but despite much bloodshed and treasure spent, neither one could gain the upper hand in the others' territories. You see, aside from being religious leaders with great power and influence, the popes and patriarchs were often men who wielded great political power as well. For many centuries in the West, the pope controlled not only the Vatican and the Church, but was the political chief of what were known as “The Papal States”, a swathe of land across Italy from Rome to the Adriatic Sea. At times, the Papal States shrunk in size due to a weak pope or military defeat, and at times, the Church's land in Italy grew. Aside from this, the pope's controlled the Church, and to varying degrees depending on distance, influence and politics, received money in the form of tithes and other payments from the churches and cathedrals throughout Western Europe. In other words, the Church was incredibly rich – at least for much of history. That meant that the pope, as head of the Church, was incredibly rich too! In our most recent video about the papacy, we told you of the man many consider the “worst pope in history”, John XII. Among the many things that John did was nearly bankrupt the Catholic Church. Think about that for a moment. Today, the Catholic Church is worth billions and billions of dollars It was not much different when John was pope – and he spent, or allowed to be spent, nearly all the Churches money. A large part of these expenditures were spent on military campaigns, booze, women and gambling – all decidedly “unpope” things. In the early 11th century, another pope did his best to take the title of “Worst Pope in History” away from John XII. Meet Benedict IX Though their reigns as pope were separated by one hundred years, Pope John XII and Benedict were members of the same extended family – the Tusculum clan of Rome, who liked to brag that they had been related to the Caesars – maybe they were, maybe they weren't, but they WERE powerful in the early Middle Ages. So powerful that they could, and did, get popes elected and appointed. If you saw our video on John XII, you know that in his time, the people of Rome, not the College of Cardinals or a panel of bishops, elected the pope. The people of Rome were easy to bribe, and the many families vying to put one of their own on the Papal Throne spent huge sums of money to do just that. If they succeeded, the payoff was huge, but for at least a century, the leaders of the Tusculum clan were the power brokers in Rome. #popebenedictix #history #catholic #popehistory #badpope DISCLAIMER: All materials in these videos are used for entertainment purposes and fall within the guidelines of fair use. No copyright infringement intended. If you are, or represent, the copyright owner of materials used in this video, and have an issue with the use of said material, please send an email to adayinhistory2021@gmail.com Scriptwriter: Matthew Gaskill Video Editor & Motion Graphics: Naman Meena Voice-over Artist: Lain Heringman Music: Motionarray.com Copyright © 2021 A Day In History. All rights reserved.

Sadly, not many people outside Southeast Asia remember the tragedy of the “Killing Fields” of Cambodia, but in the late 1970s and 1980s, when the evil nature of the regime in that country from 1975-79 was publicized in Europe and the United States, the absolutely horrific acts of the Khmer Rouge (“kah-mair ruuj”) regime became front page news, an Oscar-winning movie and a quite popular punk rock anthem, “Holiday in Cambodia,” by the Dead Kennedy's in 1980. In 1996, an Oscar-winning actor was killed in an attempted robbery outside his Los Angeles home. A tragic thing to happen to anyone, but making this senseless act even more tragic was the fact that the victim was Dr. Haing S. Ngor. Ngor had come to the United States and made a successful life for himself as an actor, portraying another victim and survivor of the regime, Dith Pran, and winning the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for his role in the movie “The Killing Fields.” Dr. Ngor had been an obstetrician in Phnom Penh, the capital of Cambodia, when the communist Khmer Rouge took over the country in 1975. “Khmer Rouge” means “Red Khmer.” Rouge is French for “red”, the color of communism, and the French had ruled Cambodia for ninety years until 1953. “Khmer” is the Cambodian word for the dominant ethnic group in the country. The Khmer Rouge were on the extreme left of the political spectrum. The very extreme left – by the time they took power in Cambodia, Chinese Chairman Mao Zedong's China was coming out of a radical period itself – the “Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution”, and Mao himself would be dead within a year, beginning a shift in Chinese politics. You can find out more about this strange and amazing time in “A Day in History's” “The Most Bizarre Events in Chinese History” on our channel, but suffice it to say that the ideology of the Khmer Rouge made Mao look like a man living in the past. Though the Khmer Rouge looked to Mao and China for both guidance and financial support, the leaders of the movement, most notably it's #1 and #2 men, Pol Pot and Nuon Chea, known also as “Brother #1” and “Brother #2”, saw North Korea and Albania, the two most isolated and repressive communist regimes on Earth, as their role models. All three nations believed in “autarky” - complete self-sufficiency, though the smallest of the three, Albania, was the only one to come close to its goal. During the time of French control of the country, many Cambodians rebelled. Some carried out a small-scale and largely unsuccessful guerrilla war. Many people supported the Cambodian royal family, even though they were a puppet of the French military government. However, the heir to the throne, Prince Norodom Sihanouk (1922-2012), known within Cambodia by his traditional title of “Samdech Euv,” or “King Father,” became head of state in 1960 and again when crowned king in 1993, eventually led the country to independence in post-WWII talks with France. #killingfields #khmerrouge #history #cambodia #cambodiahistory DISCLAIMER: All materials in these videos are used for entertainment purposes and fall within the guidelines of fair use. No copyright infringement intended. If you are, or represent, the copyright owner of materials used in this video, and have an issue with the use of said material, please send an email to adayinhistory2021@gmail.com Scriptwriter: Matthew Gaskill Video Editor & Motion Graphics: Kanishka Mudaliyar Voice-over Artist: Lain Heringman Music: Motionarray.com Copyright © 2021 A Day In History. All rights reserved.

The fall of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868 ushered in the age of Imperial Japan in what is known as the Meiji Restoration. For almost 80 years, the Japanese Empire would change the life of many within Japan’s borders and beyond until its fall at the end of the Second World War. One of the many things that the Imperial age altered was the love, sex, and marriage behaviours of the Japanese people. The Meiji Restoration brought about a conservative, nationalist, and eugenicist view of the world that emphasized collective obligation in all things. The family was a microcosm of the nation and loyalty to it became the most important of virtues. Today on A Day In History, we explore love-making and marriage in this changing Imperial Japan. If you enjoy videos like this, don’t forget to like and subscribe to support us and keep updated on future content. The ie Before we can understand love and marriage in Imperial Japan, we must first understand the importance of the ie. The ie is the name for the Japanese family system. It refers to the combination of blood relatives, property, reputation, ancestors, and future generations that make up the family. To be part of the ie is to be part of a single shared unit. In the age of Imperial Japan, the ie was the main legal building block of society and property belonged to the ie as a whole, not to individual members. All members had to sacrifice their interests for those of the ie as a whole. Members of the ie had a duty to maintain its dignity and prosperity by acting properly and following the complex hierarchies of family life. They also had a duty to pay respect to their ancestors and an obligation to provide children to continue their ie and maintain it’s property so it could be passed down to them. As one haiku put it, each member of the ie was expected to: “Live and die after one another, cultivating the rice field in turn.” The ie of the Imperial period was especially patriarchal, with men acting as the heads of the household and women expected to be obedient to every man. The wife obeyed her husband, the daughter obeyed her father, the sister obeyed her brother, and so on. Filial piety - the respect owed from children to their parents - was a vital part of the power dynamics of the ie. The ie has been the foundation of Japanese social structure for generations and it gained increased importance during the Imperial period as the Imperial government emphasized tradition, stability, and order among the Japanese populace. Love, sex, and marriage were all important to the ie. The addition of new members through marriage or childbirth was understandably of great concern. In Imperial Japan, the ie became increasingly influential over the love lives of all of its members. #imperialjapan #history #marriage #comfortwomenjapan Scriptwriter: Nathan Hewitt Video Editor & Motion Graphics: Jason Bohol Voice-over Artist: Stephan Vox Music: Motionarray.com Copyright © 2022 A Day In History. All rights reserved. Sources: Damian Flanagan, ‘The shifting sexual norms in Japan's literary history’, The Japan Times, (November 19th, 2016) Jaered Koichi Croes, The Gay of the Samurai: All About Homosexuality, Buddhist Monks, Samurai, and the Tokugawa Middle Class, Tofugu, (September 30th 2015) Jennifer Robertson (ed.), A Companion to the Anthropology of Japan, (2005) Joyce Lebra et al (ed.), Women in Changing Japan, (1976) Joy Hendry, Marriage in Changing Japan: Community and Society, (2010) Marcia Yonemoto, The Problem of Women in Early Modern Japan, (2016) DISCLAIMER: All materials in these videos are used for entertainment purposes and fall within the guidelines of fair use. No copyright infringement intended. If you are, or represent, the copyright owner of materials used in this video, and have an issue with the use of said material, please send an email to adayinhistory2021@gmail.com

One of the seemingly endless tragedies of the Holocaust was that the rise of the Nazis encouraged anti-Semitic movements and violent actions by other nations. One government allied to Hitler during WWII was Romania. Romania had allied itself with Hitler as protection against the Soviet Union, with which it shares a long border. For that protection, Hitler received the bulk of the sizable Romanian oil production and a government friendly to his anti-Semitic policies. Before we begin, we ask that you take a look at our recent video “The History of anti-Semitism”, which will provide a bit more background and understanding of the horrible phenomenon of the prejudice that led to the Holocaust. We also would like you to know that we at “A Day in History” understand that modern Romania in no way resembles the fascist Romanian state of WWII, despite unhinged outbursts from the small number of Romanian ultra-nationalists who deny the Holocaust or Romania's part in it. If you find this video interesting, please tell your friends about us, and “like and subscribe.” Romania before WWII In 1877-78, Romania won its independence from the Ottoman Empire, which had controlled it since the mid-1500s. In 1908, the neighboring Bulgarians also achieved independence from the Ottomans. In 1918, with the end of WWI, other countries became independent in central and southeast Europe: Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Poland, and Czechoslovakia. One of the good things about both the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empires was that both had kept a lid on the ethnic and religious hatreds that had existed in the area for hundreds of years. While there were numerous incidents of ethnic violence while these nations were ruled by other more powerful states, they did not come close to the level of violence which occurred with independence and the coming of Nazism and WWII. At the time of the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union, Romania was ruled by Marshal Ion Antonescu, a WWI Romanian hero. By the time WWII began Antonescu had been a well-known extreme right-wing politician and army officer for thirty-years, having taken part in a brutal suppression of a peasants' revolt in 1907. Antonescu's anti-Semitism was a product both of time, place, position, combined with personal history. As a child, Antonescu's father had taken the rare step, for that time and place, of divorcing the future leaders' mother for a Jewish woman he had been having an affair with. Despite the fact that Antonescu's dad forced the woman to convert to Orthodox Christianity, to Antonescu she was always “an evil Jewish woman” who had broken up his happy childhood home. #holocaust #romania #history #romanianholocaust #ww2 Scriptwriter: Matthew Gaskill Video Editor & Motion Graphics: Naman Meena Voice-over Artist: Stephen Vox Music: Motionarray.com Copyright © 2021 A Day In History. All rights reserved. DISCLAIMER: All materials in these videos are used for entertainment purposes and fall within the guidelines of fair use. No copyright infringement intended. If you are, or represent, the copyright owner of materials used in this video, and have an issue with the use of said material, please send an email to adayinhistory2021@gmail.com

Check out G2A.com here:: https://www.g2a.com/n/reflink-72989b8638 Though wartime surgery remained largely the same until after the US Civil War, it is usually movies about that conflict in which we see the nature of combat surgery before the understanding and acceptance of germ theory and widespread use of anesthesia. Usually, the hero of the movie is carried into a blood-stained canvas tent with doctors and orderlies wearing leather aprons. These aprons were water, or rather, blood-proof, and in Civil War hospitals, there was an awful lot of blood. To give you an idea, at the Battle of Franklin, Tennessee, in 1864, a room in the private Carnton House was used as an operating room. Before the room was restored a few years ago, historians and scientists took the kind of black light you see on the TV show "Crime Scene Investigations" ("CSI") into the room. They found, 150 years after the battle, signs of horror – blood had coated the walls and even the room's high ceilings. That's not surprising, considering most of the operations performed there were amputations. The wounded of both sides brought into Carnton House did not get anything to kill the pain. Perhaps the first few men got a shot of whiskey, but most of those still conscious had to make do with either biting down on a stick or Minie' ball bullet in a vain attempt to take their mind off the pain and to prevent them from biting through their tongue when the surgeon began to saw their arms or legs off. Those who survived were either crudely stitched up or had their wounds cauterized with a hot iron to try and stop the massive bleeding. One thousand eight hundred years and more before that, a " trepanning " procedure was often used to lessen pressure on the brain caused by blunt force trauma or some illnesses. It was likely used to "cure" some mental diseases as well. Today, surgeons sometimes do the procedure to reduce pressure on or swelling of the brain, but the operation is much more successful, clean, and pain-free. You see, "trepanning" is the drilling or cutting of a hole in the skull. Archaeologists have found countless ancient skulls worldwide that show signs of trepanning. #history #anesthesia #trepanning #ww2 #ww2medics #surgeryhistory Scriptwriter: Matthew Gaskill Video Editor & Motion Graphics: Jason Bohol Voice-over Artist: Stephen Vox Music: Motionarray.com & epidemic music Copyright © 2021 A Day In History. All rights reserved. DISCLAIMER: All materials in these videos are used for entertainment purposes and fall within the guidelines of fair use. No copyright infringement intended. If you are, or represent, the copyright owner of materials used in this video, and have an issue with the use of said material, please send an email to adayinhistory2021@gmail.com

Check out G2A.com here:: https://www.g2a.com/n/reflink-72989b8638 From 1603-1854, Japan was a closed country. No one could leave the country, and foreigners were limited to a small port near Hiroshima. So when the American naval officer Matthew C. Perry forced Japan to open to trade and diplomacy with the outside world, the country was two hundred years behind the rest of the world economically, technologically, and militarily. Over the next forty to fifty years, however, Japan transformed itself from a feudal society governed by an outdated warrior class to a regional power. In 1896, the Japanese defeated China in the First Sino-Japanese War over influence in Korea. Japan also won the island of Taiwan and several other concessions in Chinese cities, which essentially put the Japanese in control of small parts of China. However, Japan was not alone in this: by 1900, China was a weak, corrupt and divided power, and along with the English, French, Germans, Russians, and Americans, all had areas of China that were, if not under their direct control, were heavily influenced by them. In 1904-1905, Japan won a stunning victory over the Russian Empire. This war, too, was over influence in Korea, which also bordered Russia. With this victory, Japan gained control of Korea and took over Russian interests in northern China. In the 1920s and 30s, many internal and external factors led to the Japanese military's increased power over its civilian government. Moreover, by the second half of the 1930s, the Japanese military government had established almost total control over the government, the economy, and Japanese society. Added to that was the idea that the Japanese culture and people were superior to all others, especially to China and the Chinese, with which Japan had a love-hate relationship for centuries. In 1931, the Japanese army provoked an “incident” in Manchuria, today a part of China, but then a sort of an autonomous territory governed by Chinese military “warlords.” This was what we now call a “false flag” operation which ostensibly gave the Japanese an excuse to invade and take over resource-rich Manchuria. Population Estimates As you listen to what we're about to tell you, remember that in 1937, China, outside of the main cities, and even within them to a large degree, was governed by a notoriously corrupt, fractured, and inefficient government, nominally ruled over by Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek. Though Chiang's Kuomintang or “Nationalist” government controlled most of the cities in China, especially in the west, much of the rest of the country was ruled either by the communists under Mao Zedong or an assortment of warlords, who ran large parts of the country as their personal empire. We say this because there has been much debate in China, Japan, and the rest of the world about the number of people in Nanking before the Japanese arrived and the number that remained after the atrocities that were about to begin ceased. Census taking in China was almost non-existent then, and many reports about population were wrong because people avoided being counted – that could be used for tax and other purposes. Files that did exist were irregularly kept and updated. Additionally, many people who lived in Nanking before the war fled as the Japanese approached, and others, refugees fleeing the enemy, moved into the city for safety. A large number of Chinese soldiers retreating from the Japanese advance to set up the city's defense also increased the population of Nanking. Estimates of the population of Nanking before the Japanese arrived range from about 200,000 to a half-million or more. #nanking #ww2 #history #nankingjapan #japanww2 #japanhistory DISCLAIMER: All materials in these videos are used for entertainment purposes and fall within the guidelines of fair use. No copyright infringement intended. If you are, or represent, the copyright owner of materials used in this video, and have an issue with the use of said material, please send an email to adayinhistory2021@gmail.com Scriptwriter: Matthew Gaskill/ Video Editor & Motion Graphics: Kanishka Mudaliyar Voice-over Artist: Lain Heringman Music: Motionarray.com Copyright © 2021 A Day In History. All rights reserved.

Many people today remember the Ottoman Empire as the „Sick Man of Europe”, an epithet the collapsing empire earned during the 19th and early parts of the 20th century. The description was no doubt correct during the period it was invented, however, it is also misleading, as throughout most of its existence, the Ottomans were a formidable power, whose strength was feared in Europe and the Middle East. The strength of the Ottoman Empire was built on multiple pillars, and each of these was able to strike fear into the hearts of the enemies of the Sultan. Stick around to find out what these pillars were, and please like and subscribe to the channel to see more videos like this. Ottoman fratricide Medieval and early modern Europe was mostly ruled by dynastic states. In this regard, the Christian Habsburg Empire differed little from the Ottoman Empire. A great difference between the Habsburgs and the Ottomans, however, was the method of succession. Throughout most of Christian Europe, the eldest son of a ruler stood to inherit his position and the power that came with it. When the eldest son predeceased the ruler, it could be the male descendants of the eldest son( if there were any), the other sons( if there were), brothers or even uncles of the ruler who could claim the throne. Successions were often messy and contested, but generally, there was a clear candidate whose claim was backed by the laws of the country. Ottoman successions differed greatly from the successions of Christian Europe. Succeeding the Sultan in the female line was inhibited, but other than this rule, there seemingly were no other rules. All the sons of the Sultan were potential heirs, and even the youngest could ascend the throne, provided he was able to defeat his brothers. The lack of clear rules leads to many succession crises in the Ottoman Empire. The sons of Bayazid I fought each other for 11 years( 1402-1413) after their father died, while the early reign of Bayazid’s grandson, Murad II, was also plagued by civil war when he had to fight his uncle and his younger brother to solidify his grip on power. #history #ottomanempire #ottoman #historydocumentary #ottomans Video Editor & Motion Graphics: Jason Bohol Voice-over Artist: Stephen Vox Music: Motionarray.com Copyright © 2021 A Day In History. All rights reserved. DISCLAIMER: All materials in these videos are used for entertainment purposes and fall within the guidelines of fair use. No copyright infringement intended. If you are, or represent, the copyright owner of materials used in this video, and have an issue with the use of said material, please send an email to adayinhistory2021@gmail.com

The Jewish people have often been the target of persecution. There are several reasons for this, though many of them do not make sense when looked at rationally. Later in this video, we will tell you how irrational fears and the misreading of history contributed to the hatred of the Jews, known as "anti- Semitism." Before we do that, we'll tell you about two times the Jews were persecuted for more understandable reasons. Their slavery in Egypt and the "Babylonian Captivity," took place many years before the existence of the Roman Empire. This video may contain disturbing or offensive content. Viewer discretion is advised. The creators of this video do not condone the actions of the subjects featured. EGYPT AND BABYLON In the book of Exodus in the Old Testament, the Jews were slaves of Egypt. Egypt had conquered the Israelites. At the time and throughout history, people at war took one another as slaves. Jews were not hated simply for being Jews – they had lost a war. Though historians are unsure of the dates of their slavery's beginning and end, many people believe it happened during the time of Pharaohs Seti I and his son Ramses II of Egypt. This would mean that the events surrounding the Israelite's slavery and their deliverance as described in the Bible happened around 1300-1250 BC. Five or six hundred years later, the Jewish kingdom of Judah found itself a tributary state of Babylon, which lay in most of present-day Iraq. Unfortunately for the Jews, their king had decided that he would no longer pay tribute to the Babylonian king, Nebuchadnezzar II. Bad idea. Nebuchadnezzar and the Jews fought two wars, which ended in "The Babylonian Captivity ."In other words, many, if not most, Jews found themselves exiled and taken as slaves to Babylon. This ended 70 years later when the Persians defeated Babylon, and their ruler, Cyrus the Great, allowed the Jews to go home. Like their ancestors in Egypt, the Jews of the Babylonian Exile , “had been enslaved”. ROME and the origins of anti-Semitism In the New Testament and other documents, such as the writings of the Roman-Jewish historian Josephus, we're told that the influential Jewish religious leaders, the Pharisees, were concerned that Jesus might cause disorder or even cause their overthrow. Because the death penalty was forbidden, they took their case to the Roman governor, Pontius Pilate. As a result, Jesus was executed by the Romans, for he announced himself the "King of the Jews." Pilate believed Jesus was putting himself ahead of Caesar, a big no-no to the Romans, and ordered his death. But there was a "catch" that has haunted the Jewish people in Europe ever since. Because these events took place during the Jewish holiday of Passover, Pilate offered the Jewish crowd gathered by the Pharisees a choice. Should he kill Jesus or the anti-Roman killer named Barabbas? #history #jewspersecution #jewishhistory #jews Scriptwriter: Matthew Gaskill Video Editor & Motion Graphics: Kanishka Voice-over Artist: Stephen Vox Music: Motionarray.com Copyright © 2021 A Day In History. All rights reserved. DISCLAIMER: All materials in these videos are used for entertainment purposes and fall within the guidelines of fair use. No copyright infringement intended. If you are, or represent, the copyright owner of materials used in this video, and have an issue with the use of said material, please send an email to adayinhistory2021@gmail.com

In the year 395, the Roman Empire split into two parts: the Western Roman Empire, which included Rome, and the Eastern Roman Empire, sometimes called “The Byzantine Empire” after its capitol at Byzantium, and which became Constantinople during the reign of Emperor Constantine. The split of the most powerful empire in Western history happened for a number of reasons. One, it would be easier to administer a smaller area, considering the means of communication at the time. Two, the borders of the empire were threatened by many hostile people and it was believed that dividing command and control would make defending the empire easier. Three, it was believed that having two equal emperors would lessen the number of power struggles that had been taking place within the Roman Empire for decades. One thing didn't change with the division of the empire, however – the use of torture and bizarre punishments to keep the people and rivals in line. Another Byzantine favorite was "rhinotomy" - the removal of the nose. If you've seen the movie "The Northman" (2022), you know that you can live without a nose. But, you couldn't be a Byzantine emperor, for laws forbade the most powerful and exalted figure in the land from being a person who had been disfigured. Political enemies at the highest levels would sometimes cut off the nose of rivals if they had the opportunity to prevent them from taking the throne. Emperors overthrown and not killed outright often had their noses cut off. Even with a leather or cloth mask to prevent foreign bodies from entering the space where the nose used to be, everyone knew what lay underneath. Of course, laws are only as strong as the paper or parchment they're written on and there were exceptions. The emperor Justinian II was involved in a power struggle with two rivals, one of which who had replaced Justinian on the throne after having cut Justinian's nose off. Undaunted, Justinian covered his nose with a shield made from pure gold, and being powerful, retook the throne. Shortly thereafter, his two rivals, former emperors Leontios and Tiberius III, had their noses cut off before being killed. Justice belonged to Justinian in 705AD. By the way, Justinian's nickname was “Rhinometos,” or “slit-nosed.” It seems that among the ruling classes, golden noses were a trend in the Eastern Roman Empire. The Byzantine general Tatikios, who led the armies of the empire on the First Crusade also had a golden nose. #byzantineempire #punishments #history #byzantinehistory DISCLAIMER: All materials in these videos are used for entertainment purposes and fall within the guidelines of fair use. No copyright infringement intended. If you are, or represent, the copyright owner of materials used in this video, and have an issue with the use of said material, please send an email to adayinhistory2021@gmail.com Scriptwriter: Matthew Gaskill Video Editor & Motion Graphics: Naman Meena Voice-over Artist: Stephen Vox Music: Motionarray.com & Epidemic music Copyright © 2021 A Day In History. All rights reserved.

For about ten years between 871-881, a revolt in today’s southern Iraq destabilized an entire empire. The death toll resulting from this revolt may have been as “low” as 100,000 and as high as a million and a half; historians are not exactly sure and might never be. Some people today believe that “The Zanj Rebellion” was a revolt of enslaved African people against their Arab masters in a bid for freedom, but the truth behind this brutal period is a bit more complicated. Like the other great religions of the world, Islam is divided into different sects. Many, but not all, of the differences involve the line of succession following the death of the Prophet Muhammad. The Abbasid Caliphate took its name from the uncle of the Prophet, Abbas ibn Abdul Muttalib (566-653). The Abbasid Caliphate began in 750. However, over the next 100 years, it went from an empire that stretched from Arabia to modern Iraq to Spain, most of which had been conquered by Muslim armies by the late 700s. By the time of the Zanj Rebellion, the Abbasid Caliphate was still quite large but only a fraction of its former size. The caliphate ended in 1517, though it had taken a very confusing and winding path, both in territories and rulers, to get there. Revolt and rebellion were nothing new to the Abbasids, for the loss of its territory and its replacement by other dynasties or branches of the family of Muhammad were common. It ended in 1517, but it took various forms and moved from Arabia, to Iraq, to Egypt. Not all, but most of the rebellions that took place with the Abbasid period involved struggles for control, not for freedom. Which kind was the Zanj Rebellion. Depends on who you talk to, what you read or what you watch. #zanjrebellion #slavery #history #ottomanslavery #blackslavery Scriptwriter: Matthew Gaskill Video Editor & Motion Graphics: Jason Bohol Voice-over Artist: Stephen Vox Music: Motionarray.com Copyright © 2021 A Day In History. All rights reserved. DISCLAIMER: All materials in these videos are used for entertainment purposes and fall within the guidelines of fair use. No copyright infringement intended. If you are, or represent, the copyright owner of materials used in this video, and have an issue with the use of said material, please send an email to adayinhistory2021@gmail.com

“Our” pope, John XII, ruled over Western Christendom from 955-963 some six hundred years after Pope Damasus. Damasus had been appointed by the Emperor Theodosius, but by the time of John XII, popes were elected by the people of Rome. Well, that's kind of misleading, for while the people of the city did vote for the pope, the vast majority of those votes were bought by powerful families who either had a son or other family member “running” for the position. Essentially, the position of pope went to the highest bidder. What's more the candidates for the position were oftentimes not exactly “paragons of virtue.” As a matter of fact, some of them, like John XII did not know or care much about religion at all. What many popes and their backers cared about was POWER, and in the Middle Ages, the pope was considered infallible. In other words, he could make no mistakes, at least as far as it concerned most the people. Kings and emperors were another matter, and at many times in history, the popes were tools of those who held military power. The pope, however, held the balance, for winning the pope over to your side was costly. In return for his support, rulers often had to pay bribes, give up land and at least to some degree, listen to what the pope “suggested”, for the pope had the ultimate weapon – excommunication. Being “excommunicated” meant that a person was no longer able to take part in Church rites. The practices, such as Holy Communion, confession, and attending Mass. Without these rites and practices, a person could NOT ever ascend to Heaven, and could not, at least in theory, associate with any Christian, and all of the Christians in Western Europe at the time were Catholic. The pope had tremendous power. John XII Before he took his “papal name” of John, he was known as “Octavianus.” His father, the powerful ruler of Rome, Duke Alberic II, named him after the first Roman emperor, Octavian – also known as Augustus, for Alberic wanted his son to follow him not only as the political leader of Rome, but as pope. Alberic's family, the Tusculum clan, had ruled the area for decades. They were rich, powerful and respected, and Alberic himself was well-loved. After his death in 954, the rich and powerful in Rome made certain that Octavianus was elected pope, and the 18 year old became one of the most powerful and richest men in the world as “John XII.” #popejohnxii #history #vatican #pope #holyromanempire Scriptwriter: Matthew Gaskill Video Editor & Motion Graphics: Kanishka Mudaliyar Voice-over Artist: Lain Heringman Music: Epidemic Music Copyright © 2021 A Day In History. All rights reserved. DISCLAIMER: All materials in these videos are used for entertainment purposes and fall within the guidelines of fair use. No copyright infringement intended. If you are, or represent, the copyright owner of materials used in this video, and have an issue with the use of said material, please send an email to adayinhistory2021@gmail.com

Napoleon Bonaparte, born in then Italian Corsica in 1769, was the dominant personality of his time. He died in exile on the lonely British South Atlantic island of St. Helena in 1821. But though he was a shell of his former self living in isolation in the middle of nowhere, his life cast a long shadow, and his influence continued for decades after his death. His military philosophy and tactics are still taught throughout the world, for though the weapons of today are much different than those used by his armies, the tactics he used on the battlefield are timeless: speed, audacity, and surprise being foremost among them. Napoleon Bonaparte is one of the most fascinating men in history. If this introduction to the darker side of Napoleon interests you, please “like” and subscribe to our channel! Vive' l'France! Napoleon became Emperor of France in 1804, though he had been the country's de facto ruler since 1799. For anyone to become emperor after the French Revolution of 1789 and the years immediately after had been unthinkable. The Revolution took place to rid France of a king and a system of privilege and oppression. That revolution cost a lot of blood and treasure and caused years of struggle and chaos in France. When Napoleon was ready to take power, the French were tired of political violence and upheaval, high prices, food shortages, and corrupt government. Napoleon, like Caesar more than 1800 years before him, promised law, order, and economic stability.For the first years of his reign, Napoleon managed to do just that, bring a sense of stability. He also brought France military glory. He rose to fame in the 1790s through his prowess on the battlefield. He helped to bring the ideals of the French Revolution to many parts of Europe. Unfortunately for France and Napoleon, his "eyes were bigger than his stomach," and he "bit off more than he could chew," making enemies of Great Britain and Russia. #napoleon #frenchhistory #history #napoleonbonaparte #france Scriptwriter: Matthew Gaskill Video Editor & Motion Graphics: Tonyindustries Voice-over Artist: Jake Flory Music: Motionarray.com Timecode: 00:00 Intro 02:56 You don't become emperor without cracking some heads. 05:54 Some "revolutionary" 07:20 "The Infernal Machine" Copyright © 2021 A Day In History. All rights reserved. DISCLAIMER: All materials in these videos are used for entertainment purposes and fall within the guidelines of fair use. No copyright infringement intended. If you are, or represent, the copyright owner of materials used in this video, and have an issue with the use of said material, please send an email to adayinhistory2021@gmail.com

Thanks to Established Titles for sponsoring this video! Go to https://establishedtitles.com/ADayInHistory to shop their Early Black Friday Sale, plus get an additional 10% off any purchase with code ADayInHistory and help support the channel! We hope you read more about Timur after you watch this video. There's so much more to learn. One of those things is easy: Timur is just one version of the name of the last great Mongol conqueror. His real name was "Tīmūr bin Taraghay Barlas," or "Timur, son of Taraghay of the Barlas Clan," but he is most often known in English as "Tamerlane," which is just a corruption of "Timurlenk," or "Timur the Lame." Timur actually was "lame" as people used to those with skeletal disabilities: he had a form of tuberculosis that infected the bones, which paralyzed his right leg and shoulder. In his younger years, he had been shot through the right hand with an arrow, losing two fingers, and limiting its use. Timur, in a word, was likely in constant pain throughout most of his life. Perhaps this affected his temper – because Timur's temper was bad. REALLY, REALLY BAD. But, unlike another supposedly disabled leader, the Viking “Ivar the Boneless”, Timur grew up to rule a gigantic empire, and killed millions, not hundreds or thousands. Ivar was an amateur compared to “Timur the Lame.” Timur's ancestors were from a powerful Mongolian clan who had emigrated from Mongolia to the area that geographers still know as "Transoxania" - the "Land beyond the Oxus River." We know the area better as Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan. These were lands inhabited by Turkic peoples who the Mongols had subjugated under Genghis Khan and his sons in the 1200s. By the time of Timur (1336-1405), the Mongol Empire had fractured into several different kingdoms. The ruling Mongols assimilated to some degree with the native Turkic people and culture, creating a new culture called the "Turko-Mongolian." #tamerlane #timur #history #genghiskhan #mongols Scriptwriter: Matthew Gaskill Video Editor & Motion Graphics:Kanishka Mudaliyar Voice-over Artist: Stephen Vox Music: Motionarray.com Copyright © 2021 A Day In History. All rights reserved. Timestamps: 00:00 Start 00:55 Become a Scottish Lord 02:56 Names and afflictions 04:01 Timur's roots 04:40 Early life, rise to power, killing his brother...normal Middle Ages stuff 08:10 Timur Unleashed 09:40 Isfahan 10:55 Delhi 12:52 Timur's other escapades 15:31 Timur reached out from beyond the grave DISCLAIMER: All materials in these videos are used for entertainment purposes and fall within the guidelines of fair use. No copyright infringement intended. If you are, or represent, the copyright owner of materials used in this video, and have an issue with the use of said material, please send an email to adayinhistory2021@gmail.com

“Whoever for devotion alone, not to gain honor or money, goes to Jerusalem to liberate the Church of God can substitute this journey for all penance.” These were the words spoken by Pope Urban II during the Council of Clermont, these words led to the First Crusade of the 11th century and would inspire future crusades to the east. These crusades led to millions of deaths and the suffering of people throughout the next two centuries. The Crusades were important to the history of Jerusalem and many other places they ventured to. The Christians acted in response to the Islamic Invasions that had happened centuries ago and continued after the Crusades. These Islamic invaders were also quite brutal, but not too much on those just yet as that will be a future topic on this channel. Stick around to find out the tales of the Crusaders throughout the Middle Ages, on a Day in History. Background on the Crusades The Crusades were holy conquests that started in 1095 and continued for centuries. These Crusades were usually sponsored by the Latin Church in the West against non-Christians in the East, usually Muslim and Jewish peoples. Many men that were involved believed that their participation in the Crusades would help rid themselves of the sins they had committed in their lives. The Roman Catholic Church was at the center of the Crusades as the Crusaders got support for their wars from the leadership at the church. Jerusalem was at the heart of the struggle since it was a holy city to Christians. Jerusalem to the Christians was where Jesus preached, died, and eventually resurrected himself. The idea that non-Christians inhabited and ruled the holy city, infuriated the Christian raiders and may account for the brutality shown to the people within Jerusalem. #crusades #history #firstcrusade #secondcrusade #crusadesdocumentary Scriptwriter: Matthew Milian Video Editor & Motion Graphics: Jason Bohol Voice-over Artist: Lain Heringman Music: Motionarray.com Copyright © 2021 A Day In History. All rights reserved. DISCLAIMER: All materials in these videos are used for entertainment purposes and fall within the guidelines of fair use. No copyright infringement intended. If you are, or represent, the copyright owner of materials used in this video, and have an issue with the use of said material, please send an email to adayinhistory2021@gmail.com

When we think about the Vikings, love, and marriage are usually not the first things that come to mind. However, we might occasionally think about the Vikings and sex when watching one of the many shows and movies about the Vikings in recent years. From TV and movies, you'd almost believe that all Vikings were attractive, always washed, and odor-free. However, it does seem that the Vikings did take relatively good care of their hair. Combs are one of the most common items found in Viking graves and other archaeological sites – but it's hard to believe that these Scandinavian warriors (perhaps of both sexes) weren't more often "combing things out" than they were getting ready for a party. It's not talked about much and definitely not shown (at least not often), but many Vikings were not exclusively heterosexual. Homosexual activity among Vikings was unusual until you know more about it. Like most societies in the Middle Ages, Viking society was dominated by men. Today, sociologists might call Viking society "hyper-male" - a culture in which the traditionally masculine qualities of aggression, physical prowess, and constant evaluation of one's power relationship to one another was always in the forefront of the mind. One way to show physical dominance was to use another man for pleasure. Viking society did not punish a man for being the "dominant" participant in homosexual acts. However, those who were "submissive" were viewed as worthy of less respect than women. Though it's improbable that there were no Viking men who preferred the more "passive" role, being caught in the act might involve being socially mocked, ostracized, and sometimes killed. The same went for any man, straight or gay, caught wearing women's clothing. That being said, the passive "partner" in Viking homosexual acts was usually not a willing one. Many times the victim was a slave. #vikings #history #marriage #ivartheboneless #vikingshistory Scriptwriter: Matthew Gaskill Video Editor & Motion Graphics: Kanishka Mudaliyar Voice-over Artist: Lain Heringman Music: Motionarray.com Copyright © 2021 A Day In History. All rights reserved. DISCLAIMER: All materials in these videos are used for entertainment purposes and fall within the guidelines of fair use. No copyright infringement intended. If you are, or represent, the copyright owner of materials used in this video, and have an issue with the use of said material, please send an email to adayinhistory2021@gmail.com

One of the most tragic stories of WWII is that of the "comfort women", a polite name for the forced kidnapping or coercion of women and girls by the Japanese Army to "comfort" their soldiers. As in many war crimes cases, "comfort" is a euphemism, for this was just a polite term for "sexual slavery" on a mass scale. Though records exist in Japan, China, Korea, Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Papua New Guinea, they are partial and only tell part of the story that Japan, to this day, is reluctant to talk about openly. However, it should be said that over the last two decades, they have made a greater effort to both admit their armies' guilt, apologize and make some restitution – though many of the surviving comfort women believe it was not enough. Time has gone by, and most of the victims of this atrocity have passed on, but their memory remains in the national identity of countries occupied by Japan during WWII. It's not just that the children of the comfort women are well into their old age now as well; it's that very few comfort women were able to have children after the years of sexual abuse they endured. Physically, they had been made sterile – not intentionally, but from repeated punishing abuse. Mentally, many victims could not even fathom letting a man touch them again after what they had been through. Among the many things taken from these women was the common dream of having children and grandchildren. It's estimated that nearly 500,000 women were taken from their homes to "service" Japanese troops during the war. Most of the women taken were poor and uneducated. Some were taken by force, literally right off the street. Some were girls who had not yet had their first period. A surprising number were lured into captivity with promises of a good-paying job elsewhere – maybe in the nearest big city, maybe in Japan. #comfortwoman #history #ww2 #historydocumentary Scriptwriter: Matthew Gaskill Video Editor & Motion Graphics: Jason Bohol Voice-over Artist: Chris Redish Music: Motionarray.com Copyright © 2021 A Day In History. All rights reserved. DISCLAIMER: All materials in these videos are used for entertainment purposes and fall within the guidelines of fair use. No copyright infringement intended. If you are, or represent, the copyright owner of materials used in this video, and have an issue with the use of said material, please send an email to adayinhistory2021@gmail.com

Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of Ancient China, is most famous for constructing the Great Wall that protected the Chinese realm against Mongolian incursions for millennia, and for the legions of Terra-cotta soldiers that guarded his tomb. Yet he was also one of their wackiest and most paranoid rulers, and a man so preoccupied with living forever that he cut his life short in the process. Let’s find out why. Qin Shi Huang, born Ying Zheng in 259 BC, was officially the son of King Zhuangxiang of the Qin and his wife Zhao Ji. According to rumor however, his mother was not of noble birth, and was in fact a concubine that Zhuangxiang became acquainted with after he was sent to the royal court of Zhao as a hostage. Zhao was one of 6 rival empires, the Han, Qi, Chu, Wei, and Yan, that the Qin dynasty battled against during the Warring States Period for mastery of China. Zhuangxiang was fairly successful, for by the time he died in 246 BC the Qin had extended their territories considerably to the East and West. When Zheng acceded to the throne after his father’s passing he was only 13 years old, and so it was decided that Lu Buwei, Zhuangxiang’s former chancellor, was to act as king’s regent until the adolescent came of age. His appointment only added more fuel to the fire surrounding the young monarch’s scandalous origins, for many whispered that he himself was Zheng’s father, and also that he had designs on the crown. Buwei proved the gossipers half-correct, for the deceitful chancellor quickly got to work hatching a devious plan to install one of his friends on the throne. It all began in 240, when Buwei introduced Zheng’s widowed mother, Zhao Ji, to Lao Ai, an esteemed noblemen who was supposedly famed for the size of his penis. When Zhang, renamed Qin Shi Huang, became emperor in 238, his power was immediately challenged by Lao, who hoped to place the two sons he had produced with the Queen dowager firmly in the line of succession by seizing power for himself. #qinshihuang #ancientchina #history #qindynasty #chinesehistory Scriptwriter: Jake Leigh-Howarth Video Editor & Motion Graphics: Kanishka Mudaliyar Voice-over Artist: Stephen Vox Music: Motionarray.com Copyright © 2021 A Day In History. All rights reserved. DISCLAIMER: All materials in these videos are used for entertainment purposes and fall within the guidelines of fair use. No copyright infringement intended. If you are, or represent, the copyright owner of materials used in this video, and have an issue with the use of said material, please send an email to adayinhistory2021@gmail.com

The Cold War was the period of great tension between the United States and the Soviet Union, which lasted from 1945 until the fall of the Soviet Union, or "USSR," in 1991. The greatest fear of the Cold War period was that tensions between the two superpowers would become so great that the "war" between the two rival nations would turn "hot" and lead to a nuclear exchange that would end human civilization. We're about to tell you about some of the secret experiments and plans carried out by the United States during the Cold War, but before we do that, we'd like to tell you exactly how close the world came to destruction in the Cold War era. There were several instances when the USA threatened or hinted at the use of nuclear weapons, but these threats involved another world power, Communist China, and involved the Korean War and China's actions towards the government of the Nationalist Chinese (and a US ally) in the 1950s. During the Cuban Missile Crisis, US president Kennedy announced an American naval blockade around the island of Cuba to prevent the Russians from installing additional nuclear missiles there. Tensions got so high that Kennedy warned the Soviets that: "...It shall be the policy of this nation to regard any nuclear missile launched from Cuba against any nation in the Western Hemisphere as an attack by the Soviet Union on the United States, requiring a full retaliatory response upon the Soviet Union." Tensions remained high for days until the Soviets agreed to remove the missiles from Cuba in return for the removal of the blockade and the non-publicized removal of US missiles from the territory of its NATO partner, Turkey, which bordered the USSR. #coldwar #history #ussr #sovietunion #coldwardocumentary Scriptwriter: Matthew Gaskill Video Editor & Motion Graphics: Kanishka Mudaliyar Voice-over Artist: Jake Flory Timecode: 00:00 Intro 00:42 The Nuclear War Scare 06:17 MK-Ultra 09:32 Sex and the CIA 11:19 The Vanderbilt pregnancy experiments 12:48 Let's not leave the Russians out Music: Motionarray.com Copyright © 2021 A Day In History. All rights reserved. DISCLAIMER: All materials in these videos are used for entertainment purposes and fall within the guidelines of fair use. No copyright infringement intended. If you are, or represent, the copyright owner of materials used in this video, and have an issue with the use of said material, please send an email to adayinhistory2021@gmail.com