People's Party of Canada - OFFICIAL

The COVID-19 crisis is being deliberately exaggerated and used by the Liberal government to justify its power grab and massive spending. ========================= Support the PPC make a tax deductible donation : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/donate?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_13 Become a PPC member : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/membership?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_13 Receive our Newsletter : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/newsletter_en?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_13 Like my Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/hon.maximebernier/ Follow me on Twitter @MaximeBernier =========================

Trudeau accuses everyone of being racist. But it’s his government that’s racist. He’s the one who fosters systemic racism with discriminatory programs based in racial characteristics. ========================= Support the PPC make a tax deductible donation : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/donate?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_39 Become a PPC member : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/membership?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_39 Receive our Newsletter : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/newsletter_en?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_39 Like my Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/hon.maximebernier/ Follow me on Twitter @MaximeBernier =========================

Follow Rocco on Twitter @roccogalatilaw. ========================= Support the PPC make a tax deductible donation : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/donate?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_38 Become a PPC member : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/membership?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_38 Receive our Newsletter : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/newsletter_en?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_38 Like my Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/hon.maximebernier/ Follow me on Twitter @MaximeBernier =========================

========================= Support the PPC make a tax deductible donation : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/donate?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_13 Become a PPC member : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/membership?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_13 Receive our Newsletter : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/newsletter_en?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_13 Like my Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/hon.maximebernier/ Follow me on Twitter @MaximeBernier =========================

Reupload of the English part of the Press Conference with the complete Q & A session, which includes French content. ========================= Support the PPC make a tax deductible donation : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/donate?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_13 Become a PPC member : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/membership?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_13 Receive our Newsletter : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/newsletter_en?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_13 Like my Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/hon.maximebernier/ Follow me on Twitter @MaximeBernier =========================

Continue reading Barbara Kay's columns on: https://thepostmillennial.com/ https://theepochtimes.com/ ========================= Support the PPC make a tax deductible donation : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/donate?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_37 Become a PPC member : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/membership?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_37 Receive our Newsletter : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/newsletter_en?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_37 Like my Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/hon.maximebernier/ Follow me on Twitter @MaximeBernier ========================= #censorship #politicalcorrectness #nationalpost #freespeech

Massive money printing by central banks is the SINGLE MOST DESTRUCTIVE economic policy in the world today. #inflation #gold #GoldStandard ========================= Support the PPC make a tax deductible donation : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/donate?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_36 Become a PPC member : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/membership?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_36 Receive our Newsletter : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/newsletter_en?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_36 Like my Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/hon.maximebernier/ Follow me on Twitter @MaximeBernier =========================

========================= Support the PPC make a tax deductible donation : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/donate?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_13 Become a PPC member : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/membership?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_13 Receive our Newsletter : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/newsletter_en?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_13 Like my Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/hon.maximebernier/ Follow me on Twitter @MaximeBernier =========================

Is the WE Charity the propaganda and recruiting arm of the Liberals among young Canadians? ========================= Support the PPC make a tax deductible donation : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/donate?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_36 Become a PPC member : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/membership?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_36 Receive our Newsletter : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/newsletter_en?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_36 Like my Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/hon.maximebernier/ Follow me on Twitter @MaximeBernier =========================

FULL interview here: https://youtu.be/F0QaRgCCCYM ========================= Support the PPC make a tax deductible donation : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/donate?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=tmbs_highlight&utm_content=description Become a PPC member : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/membership?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=tmbs_highlight&utm_content=description Receive our Newsletter : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/newsletter_en?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=tmbs_highlight&utm_content=description Like my Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/hon.maximebernier/ Follow me on Twitter @MaximeBernier =========================

Maxime Bernier's speech on Canada Day 2020, on Parliament Hill. ========================= Support the PPC make a tax deductible donation : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/donate?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_34 Become a PPC member : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/membership?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_34 Receive our Newsletter : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/newsletter_en?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_34 Like my Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/hon.maximebernier/ Follow me on Twitter @MaximeBernier ========================= #MadMax #BernierNation #PPCstrong&free

#MadMax ========================= Support the PPC make a tax deductible donation : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/donate?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=1st july speech 2020&utm_content=description Become a PPC member : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/membership?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=1st july speech 2020&utm_content=description Receive our Newsletter : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/newsletter_en?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=1st july speech 2020&utm_content=description Like my Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/hon.maximebernier/ Follow me on Twitter @MaximeBernier =========================

========================= Support the PPC make a tax deductible donation : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/donate?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=1st july speech 2020&utm_content=description Become a PPC member : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/membership?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=1st july speech 2020&utm_content=description Receive our Newsletter : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/newsletter_en?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=1st july speech 2020&utm_content=description Like my Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/hon.maximebernier/ Follow me on Twitter @MaximeBernier =========================

Our country’s identity is under attack by the forces of globalism, the Trudeau government, and the radical Left. Let’s be proud of who we are. HAPPY CANADA DAY! 🇨🇦 ========================= Support the PPC make a tax deductible donation : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/donate?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=le_show_de_maxime&utm_content=episode_31 Become a PPC member : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/membership?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=le_show_de_maxime&utm_content=episode_31 Receive our Newsletter : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/newsletter_en?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=le_show_de_maxime&utm_content=episode_31 Like my Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/hon.maximebernier/ Follow me on Twitter @MaximeBernier =========================

True North, in collaboration with Civitas Canada invited Maxime to speak at an event. Because of the lockdown, the event took place online. ========================= Support the PPC make a tax deductible donation : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/newsletter_en?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=civitas speech&utm_content=description Become a PPC member : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/membership?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=civitas speech&utm_content=description Receive our Newsletter : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/newsletter_en?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=civitas speech&utm_content=description Like my Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/hon.maximebernier/ Follow me on Twitter @MaximeBernier =========================

Radical leftists see racism everywhere. They define every social interaction as a struggle between ethnic tribes. The People's Party absolutely rejects this kind of racial politics. ========================= Support the PPC make a tax deductible donation : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/donate?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_30 Become a PPC member : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/membership?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_30 Receive our Newsletter : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/newsletter_en?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_30 Like my Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/hon.maximebernier/ Follow me on Twitter @MaximeBernier =========================

Please sign our petition if you agree that the violent Antifa movement must be banned: https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/let_s_ban_antifa_in_canada?recruiter_id=914669 ========================= Support the PPC make a tax deductible donation : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/donate?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_29 Become a PPC member : https://www.partipopulaireducanada.ca/adherez_au_parti?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_29 Receive our Newsletter : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/newsletter_en?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_29 Like my Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/hon.maximebernier/ Follow me on Twitter @MaximeBernier =========================

Pierre Desrochers: Article: https://www.aier.org/article/michael-moore-acknowledges-there-are-no-alternatives-to-energy-reality/ Book: https://populationbombed.com/ Michael Moore's documentary: https://planetofthehumans.com/ ========================= Support the PPC make a tax deductible donation : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/donate?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_28 Become a PPC member : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/membership?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_28 Receive our Newsletter : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/newsletter_en?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_28 Like my Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/hon.maximebernier/ Follow me on Twitter @MaximeBernier =========================

As you know, we took last week's Livestream Q & A down to clean up the audio. Apologies for the inconvenience, and thanks for understanding! Here are the questions that were asked by the viewers: 00:18 Curtis Sprissler Mr Bernier, on behalf of your supporters, what are three things we can do for you right now to move the Party forward. 2:08 Joshua Daniels Would you consider joining forces again with the Conservative party and make changes there, rather than being alone without the seats? 4:38 Peter Forsberg What are your three top national priorities? 11:18 Paulo Estante Any plans to change the current MP election system from per riding to per vote pourcentage, because if that was how it was working the PPC would have gotten 5 seats or so on the last election? 12:45 Ron Vaillant Hi Max. Since UN Agenda 2030 is the Umbrella under which all manner of UN compacts and agendas are being rolled out to the destruction of Canada, can you share from your perspective how it played out Sept. 27, 2015, when Stephen Harper and the CPC adopted it? What was your knowledge and understanding of it at the time and how knowledgeable do you think the CPC MPs are of its implications, esp. Pierre Poilievre and Michelle Rempel? 16:35 Wes Kaminski What is your plan for acquiring seats in Parliament for the next election? While I admit that the last election showed decent voting levels based on the newness of the PPC, there has to be an admission that we need to gain at least a few seats in the HoC. 18:44 Tomas Sablic Bastable Who do you like more: Peter MacKay or Erin O’Toole? 20:33 The Left wing media or the Right wing media, when they start flapping they all go in the same direction, what makes you different? 23:46 Why have we not democratically selected the people at HQ based on qualifications? Why is it a system based on despotism? 25:11 Would the PPC consider amending the constitution to allow provinces to write their own constitution, laws and regulations? I feel like this would get support from Quebec. 26:46 Stephen Flanagan Mr. Bernier I would like this country to withdraw its financial support from the World Health Organization. Does your party agree? 27:34 Jackson Withrow What are your plans on dealing with the emerging threat of Chinese influence? Everyone else’s plans seem to be to lay down and take it from China. 29:56 Where do you stand on the lockdowns and also the non sensical social distancing and masks? 33:25 Maxime, when the PPC gets in office are you planning to increase our military spending to upgrade our outdated and failing equipment? 34:11 Any comments on the completely undemocratic and teranycal disaster that was the OIC firearms ban on May 1st? Canadian firearm owners would love to hear what you think Mr. Bernier. 36:19 I want to know, I really must know, Mr. Bernier, what is your favorite movie? 38:05 Had you held a seat in the house, would you have approved the spending bill? If not, what would you have proposed in the new spending bill in order for it to have unanimous consent? 40:18 Max, are you still planning on simply lowering your immigration to 150 000 or will you adopt a real conservative 0 immigration platform and put #Canadafirst 41:48 What are your thoughts on universal basic income? 43:44 Alan Tisseman The Conservatives are corrupt but it will be a challenge to overcome the ingrained 2 party system. Would you ever be open to some kind of merge with the Conservatives if the terms were favourable to the PPC or are the Cons too far gone at this point, in your opinion 46:00 Alex W Mister Bernier, what is your advice for young Canadians maybe just out of school who are struggling to tart their lives right now? ========================= Support the PPC make a tax deductible donation : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/donate?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_26 Become a PPC member : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/membership?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_26 Receive our Newsletter : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/newsletter_en?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_26 Like my Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/hon.maximebernier/ Follow me on Twitter @MaximeBernier =========================

It’s time we stand up to the Chinese bully! If you agree with this policy, please sign our petition: https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/it_s_time_we_stand_up_to_the_chinese_bully ========================= Support the PPC make a tax deductible donation : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/donate?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_25 Become a PPC member : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/membership?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_25 Receive our Newsletter : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/newsletter_en?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_25 Like my Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/hon.maximebernier/ Follow me on Twitter @MaximeBernier =========================

========================= Support the PPC make a tax deductible donation : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/donate?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_24 Become a PPC member : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/membership?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_24 Receive our Newsletter : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/newsletter_en?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_24 Like my Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/hon.maximebernier/ Follow me on Twitter @MaximeBernier =========================

Ten years ago, in January 2010, I explained why we should bring back the gold standard, which had provided financial stability and economic prosperity. ========================= Support the PPC make a tax deductible donation : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/donate?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_23 Become a PPC member : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/membership?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_23 Receive our Newsletter : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/newsletter_en?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_23 Like my Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/hon.maximebernier/ Follow me on Twitter @MaximeBernier =========================

The Liberal gun grab will have no effect whatsoever on gun violence in Canada. Most crimes are committed with guns that are already illegal. Sign our petition! https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/stop_the_gun_grab ========================= Support the PPC make a tax deductible donation : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/donate?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_22 Become a PPC member : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/membership?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_22 Receive our Newsletter : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/newsletter_en?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_22 Like my Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/hon.maximebernier/ Follow me on Twitter @MaximeBernier =========================

1:16 Mike Millington: What is the soonest you could get elected? 2:13 Dale Skelcher: How can I do more? 3:54 James Whalley: If you were elected Prime Minister, what would you do to get Canada back to a balanced budget? 5:29 Isaias Nolasko: Will the same candidates run again? 6:42 Randy Chikofsky: How do we get people to listen to our ideas? 9:06 Sabrina Côté: How do you view the legacy of Margaret Thatcher? 10:46 Mike Heise: Do you see a common culture that can bring us together? 14:39 Chris Soda: Will you review each and every UN commitment Canada has signed? 16:19 Dirk Swinnen: After the financial crash of 2009, there was quantitative easing in every major economy. Yet, none of these economies had inflation above 2% or 3 %. What makes you think this will be different? 19:51 Ronald Gilbert: Do you agree with Australia and the US about launching a formal investigation into the actions on the virus pandemic by China? 20:09 Andrzej Matuch: Do you believe that the conservative party still represents the ideals of conservative citizens or had it been compromised and transformed into a carbon copy of the liberal party? 21:49 Charles Misko: How can I get a membership for the PPC? 22:19 Keith Small: How do we get rid of the CBC? 23:21 Sean Dillon: You said you will transfer tax point & the GST to provinces. I want to know more about it. 26:15 Nestor Kotyk: Do you believe in separation of the Church and the state? 26:37 Niels Kongsdorf: Are we, as a country, wiling to mandate that all newcomers sign a document understanding that if you do not follow our laws, you are not welcome ever? 27:25 Paul Gordon: Moratorium on immigration is a must! 28:36 Bryan Jones: What is your strategy to win a seat in the House of commons? 30:29 Tim Taylor: What would be your plan to help bring back the Alberta economy in the light of the low oil prices? 32:42 Shannon Grant: In the absence of an international monetary conference that introduces new "rules of the game", a gold system would be difficult to implement. ========================= Support the PPC make a tax deductible donation : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/donate?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_21 Become a PPC member : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/membership?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_21 Receive our Newsletter : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/newsletter_en?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_21 Like my Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/hon.maximebernier/ Follow me on Twitter @MaximeBernier =========================

The Bank of Canada printed another $30B last week. Like the Fed, it will never be able to normalize its balance sheet. What we will get instead is inflation, more debt and an even more fragile financial system. ========================= Support the PPC make a tax deductible donation : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/donate?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_20 Become a PPC member : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/membership?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_20 Receive our Newsletter : https://www.peoplespartyofcanada.ca/newsletter_en?utm_medium=social&utm_source=youtube&utm_campaign=the_maxime_bernier_show&utm_content=episode_20 Like my Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/hon.maximebernier/ Follow me on Twitter @MaximeBernier =========================