WildCreatures

The ocean is a world of strange creatures, gorgeous colours, and fascinating sights. It is a world unlike anything above the waves. Scuba diving opens the door to this realm of incredible beauty and wonder. By day, the animals are found in great numbers looking for food among the coral or out in the open ocean. But much of the life beneath the waves lies in hiding during the daylight hours. At night, the reef comes alive with a change in the animals as they emerge to hunt and explore under the cover of darkness. This is a nudibranch, often referred to as a sea slug. They can be found on the coral, feeding on algae as they move in slow motion over the surface of the coral. Occasionally, they leave the security of the reef and swim in the open through an undulating movement of their mantle. The combination of fluid movement and vivid colour makes this a spectacle to behold. This tiny, but unforgettable beauty was filmed in the waters of Fiji. Group trips like this can be be booked through Float N' Flag Travel in Burlington. They have a knack for finding remote and breath taking corners of the world.

Bull sharks are the top predators in the waters around Fiji as long as the tiger sharks are not present. Enormous and beefy animals, they are solid muscle and teeth. Sleek and graceful, they are a commanding presence in the water. Although sharks rarely attack humans, they are animals to be respected and admired from a distance. Yet, this guide is comfortable taking hold of this shark's fin like he is giving her a friendly handshake. This scuba guide has been swimming with bull sharks on this reef for almost 20 years. He has come to know most of them by name and he is very familiar with their behaviour and their unique personalities. He knows that some of them will tolerate being touched is he is careful in the way he goes about this. But to watch him reach out with his bare hand and get so close to the rows of razor sharp teeth is an astonishing sight. The guide we see here has a serious love for sharks that runs deep. He and his fellow guides have been promoting a love and a respect for sharks for many years. They conduct controlled feedings and show guests that sharks are not the killers that Hollywood has made them out to be. The guides promote conservation and understanding. They also tale things a step further on occasion when injured or hooked sharks need a little help. Approximately 6 years ago, a massive tiger shark had come to the deeding area and they saw that she had a large hook in her mouth that prevented her from opening her jaws. This made feeding impossible and she was showing signs of emaciation. The guides lured her in close and managed to rub her nose which kept her very calm. They pulled the hook from her mouth and she was able to eat. The tiger shark returned for feedings regularly for three years, although they have not seen her in recent years. Sharks inspire great fear in those who do not understand them. Despite their terrible reputation, sharks are responsible for very few attacks on humans and even fewer fatalities. They keep the fish populations in check and by preying on the sick or injured, they ensure that only the strongest animals live long enough to breed. Without sharks, the overall health of the oceans would decline.

Bull sharks are big and beefy sharks with a reputation for being aggressive feeders. Dominant in comparison with other sharks, they are strong and very capable hunters. Smaller sharks will move out of the way when bull sharks arrive at a location to feed. Bull sharks are also commonly hooked by fishermen who are intending to catch other species such as marlin or even grouper. They eat almost any prey and they will take a hook that is baited with fish. This large shark frequents the area to the south of the Island of Viti Levu in the Republic of Fiji. It has a large hook imbedded in its mouth. Incredibly, the tail of the bait fish is still attached. It appears that the shark became hooked very recently. These sharks are eager volunteers in a controlled fish feeding that is conducted by scuba diving guides who take their guests to a ledge in 20m (60 feet) of water. They use closed bait buckets that can be opened with cables in order to release fish scraps that the sharks quickly devour. Scuba divers who watch are able to see sharks' feeding behavoiur. Although there conflicting opinions about shark feeding operations, the benefits here are difficult to ignore. In previous years, fish stocks were in balance when the Fijian people were the only ones harvesting fish on the local reefs. Sharks were seen as competitors and a threat to their food supply. Protecting the sharks represented a loss to the people and an impediment to the survival of the people. Outside commercial fishing operations came and offered lucrative deals for the rights to fish in the coastal waters. This depleted fish supplies at an alarming rate, causing an even greater need for the money that the fishing operations offered. Conservationists and shark lovers found that the sharks could provide the answer. Scuba diving tours offer the possibility of generating revenue without harming sharks or fish. The sharks are worth a lot in terms of tourist dollars and it became obvious that they needed the protection of the people living here. The income generated was more than enough to offset the money lost by limiting commercial fishing operations. The fish populations rebounded and the natural balance of the reef was restored. The Fijian people that own this land are thriving from the tourist revenue. These shark feeding tours also represent an opportunity to educate people about the sharks and their benefit to the ocean. Guides provide interesting facts about the role they play in the ecosystem and the effect that losing sharks would have on the planet. Guides also explain that they are not the cold blooded killers that we have believed them to be. After seeing these majestic creatures close up, it is hard not to fall in love with them and to develop a healthy respect for these beautiful animals.

Pileated woodpeckers are spectacular birds that are a delight for bird lovers and nature enthusiasts. They are the largest woodpeckers in North America. This claim to fame was once held by the ivory billed woodpecker, which sadly, is now believed to be extinct. Pileated woodpeckers are heavy birds with a serious presence at the backyard feeders. Attracted by suet cakes, they will often announce their arrival with a loud call that sounds like maniacal laughter. As they fly in to an area, the call warns other woodpeckers that their territory is occupied. It is also a warning to the smaller birds that they are coming in for a landing. This pileated woodpecker is the male in a nesting pair. They have their home in a stand of trees not far from this feeder. At least once each day, the woodpeckers arrive at this suet holder and feast on the cakes within. Pecking and eating for a minute or two is all that they need to fill their bellies. They fly off happily after a brief visit. The woodpeckers also enjoy a few sips of water at the backyard pond. They have a few spots at decaying trees where they peck at the holes for insects burrowed into the wood as well. Pileated woodpeckers do a great job of keeping insect populations at bay that would otherwise attack and harm trees. Their abandoned nesting cavities also make great habitats for owls and other woodland creatures. They are beneficial for forests and the animals that live there. They are also a delight to see with their commanding presence and eye catching colour.

Fiji is a republic in the South Pacific that is made up of 330 islands. The main Island, Viti Levu is surrounded by some of the best scuba diving sites in the world. The island provides miles of healthy coral that is home to an abundance of marine life. Fiji is also home to scenic, hidden waterfalls nestled in the jungle. The pools beneath are crystal clear and tremendously inviting. The people of Fiji are warm and welcoming, leading visitors through traditional villages and inviting them to experience a world rich with history and culture. These Canadian tourists journeyed to the far side of the world to experience the underwater beauty and mystery that Fiji offers. Staying at Volivoli resort, they ventured out to the reefs each day and night, slipping beneath the waves and coming face to face with some of the ocean's most fascinating animals. They traveled across the island to the Uprising Resort and connected with Aqua Trek Fiji Diving to witness a controlled shark feeding. Bull sharks, reef sharks, lemon sharks, nurse sharks, and other species gather for their chance at the fish scraps. This results in an opportunity for stunning pictures and videos. It also creates an opportunity for education and discussion surrounding sustainability and conservation. Jona from Aqua Trek explained that the nearby village relies on a harvest from the ocean. In order to survive, fishing rights have been sold to commercial operations that have depleted the fish populations. Shark feeding brings tourism and revenue without the island inhabitants having to give up their precious ocean resources. The sharks inspire a love for the species and people who come here leave with a sense of responsibility to protect the sharks. Guests see that sharks are not dangerous killers. They are majestic creatures that benefit the reef populations and also us. The Fijian people welcomed these tourists with open arms, sharing their homes, their food, and their traditions. Guests witnessed a recreation of basket weaving, traditional cooking, arts and crafts, and ceremonial dancing. There was even time for an impromptu game of rugby with a coconut. This adventure was built around a scuba trip through Float N' Flag Travel (And Dive Centre) in Burlington, Ontario. Although the focus was on underwater adventure, the group experienced unexpected adventures and thrills on land too. This was truly a voyage that immersed these lucky Canadians in the magic of Fiji. Journey with them as you watch the highlights of their experiences.

Sea cucumbers are marina animals that are found on the ocean floor throughout the world. Many are shaped like the vegetable after which they are named. Others resemble giant caterpillars with a rectangle shape and small appendages that act as legs. This sea cucumber is approximately 1m (3 feet) in length. It was making its way across the coral in Fiji, propelling itself in slow motion. Feeding on rotting debris on the seabed, they break down animal and plant matter that is then more easily processed by bacteria. Essential to keeping the ocean clean and free of rotting organic debris, they feed continuously, processing massive amounts of waste due to their great numbers. In deeper regions of the ocean, sea cucumbers make up a large proportion of the animal life. They are capable of surviving in shallow water or in areas that are several kilometers deep. Most sea cucumbers have no eyes. A few species have light sensit9ve organs that function similar to primitive eyes. Most possess tube feet that they use for locomotion. Their mouths are made up of tentacle-like appendages that filter food from the water and draw it into their mouth. These creatures filter obtain oxygen using organs that are located in the anus. They draw water into their anal cavity, extract oxygen and expel the water. Scuba diving is a sport that allows people to immerse themselves in a very unusual world where the animals are like nothing we find on the surface.

Imagine seeing one of the biggest back yard birds drinking water out of the pond right outside your window. This enormous fellow came to sip water, peck curiously at the cedar deck and then feed at the suet column. Pileated woodpeckers are the largest species of woodpecker in North America. They would be second to the ivory billed woodpecker, although sadly, it is now believed to be extinct. The pileated is a giant bird that feeds on insects burrowed into rotting trees and logs. It uses its keen sense of hearing to detect grubs and beets beneath the wood. Once it locates its prey, it hammers with its powerful beak to uncover and devour the insects. They actually play a vital role in the health of many forests, keeping the population of destructive insects in check. A pileated woodpecker can be heard for miles as it beats loudly on hollow trees to announce its presence and dominance to other woodpeckers. They are territorial and this display is meant to keep rivals from entering their feeding or breeding area. A pileated woodpecker grows to an incredible 49cm in height (19inches). It is a heavy bird, weighing up to 300g (2/3 lb). They are also known to eat fruits and berries, including the berries of the poison ivy plant. They will also eat ants in large quantities when the colonies are found in dead trees. The nest of the pileated is constructed by hammering out large holes in dead trees. The male makes a nest and this attracts a female where they will work together to raise their young. The nests are not used twice and the large cavities often become a shelter for other birds and woodland animals, such as owls. This also plays a beneficial role in the health of forests. Pileated woodpeckers are a welcome sight at back yard bird feeders such as this one. They love suet cakes that are filled with nuts and seeds. Their large size and bright plumage make them a delightful sight for bird enthusiasts and photographers. This videographer placed a GoPro camera on a pole right beside the suet feeder in his back yard and he was fortunate enough to capture this large male paying a visit. Providing food for local birds can make a great difference to their survival, especially when harsh conditions make it more difficult to find food.

Fiona is a beautiful soul who lives on a heavenly farm in Ontario, Canada. She roams freely with acres of lush, green grass to graze on and rolling hills nestled beside a forested area for shade. She drinks from ponds full of fresh water and she enjoys the sunshine and fresh air all day long. She's as happy as a cow can be, living a life that is as close to what nature intended as possible. Fiona has just had her first calf, and she's as perfect as Fiona is. Hope is two days old and she is curious and inquisitive. Dave, a part time farm hand in this meadow has arrived to meet Fiona's baby. He has brought a bag of corn, which is one of Fiona's favorite treats. Hope is nursing away when Dave approaches and Fiona can see that she is about to get a snack. She interrupts the milk session, walking up to Dave. But Hope follows along and checks out what is happening. She can see that her mother is having a good time with her corn but she can't quite understand the appeal. She has a sniff and she tries a little nibble but all she knows is milk and she has little interest in solid food. Fiona is a trusting cow and Hope learned quickly that people will do her no harm. The farmers here are extremely kind to their animals, placing herd health and well-being ahead of profit. The animals on this farm get quality vet care, lots of food, and a life of freedom. The herd wanders safely here with no worry about predators. There is even a gigantic bull named Gus who watches over his ladies protectively. This operation is what is referred to as an ethical farm. The cows live stress free and healthy. The farmers sell beef locally, reducing costs and avoiding shipping the animals from one location to another. Buying food from an ethical source doesn't cost much more and it is well worth the peace of mind knowing that it supports the farmers who are doing things right. Farms like these can be found in most communities.

Kristy is an avid gardener who has a very green thumb. When the pandemic was announced and food uncertainty was very real, she expanded her vegetable patch to make sure that her family had an endless supply of food. There were baskets of potatoes that filled a big part of their cold storage to get through winter and the patch itself was like a potato rainforest. Kristy not only filled the freezer with peppers, tomatoes, raspberries, and beans, but she grew enough to supply her friends and neighbours with a lot of fresh produce as well. She even had enough plants and vegetables to sell many of them for a fundraiser for a deserving family whose child was battling cancer. She worked tirelessly and her efforts paid off in many ways. This year, Kristy told her husband that she could use some help with the huge vegetable patch. Eager to get involved, Dave rototilled for days and he dug out rocks and mulched around the tomatoes that Kristy had started. But he decided to surprise her with some extra effort in the potato section. Dave is pretty good with a shovel, and even with the rake and the hoe, but there's a very good reason why Kristy looks after the planting part of growing their garden. She's surely going to be impressed with his thoughtfulness, if not with his understanding of gardening. Dave should probably stick to digging holes and picking rocks from now on.

Orioles are among the most vividly coloured birds in North America. Their bright orange plumage, contrasted with black make them stand out like few other birds. Easily attracted to back yard feeders, they are such a delight for bird lovers and nature enthusiasts that their arrival in spring is an eagerly anticipated event. Their migration north causes great excitement on social media and other bird sites as their progress is tracked and noted. Birders are quick to put out feeders a day or two before the birds arrive, hoping that they will return to find good reason to stay. Orioles are loyal to feeders and territories so it's not difficult to keep them coming back if there is a good supply of food and water. Orioles are particular about their diet. They enjoy oranges, grape jelly, sugar nectar, and other brightly coloured fruit like mango or grapes. They will eat only foods of certain colours though, and it's wise to keep a fresh supply of these things in an open area near trees. Orioles are cautious birds and they will keep a watchful eye on the skies to avoid predators such as hawks or kites that also like to be near bird feeders. The female oriole is also orange, but her colour is not nearly as vibrantly orange. Her darker feathers are also more brown than black, giving her a much more muted appearance. Cheerful songbirds, the sound of orioles in the back yard is almost as satisfying as the sight of them. As an added bonus, orioles will also eat insects such as caterpillars, making them a very beneficial presence in any woodland area where caterpillars could damage trees.

This electric vehicle owner is proud of his new purchase and what he can do with it. Steve has bought a Hyundai Ioniq5 that will allow him to travel at a fraction of the cost. With less greenhouse gas emissions as well, he feels like he is doing his part for the planet. And he is finding that it is a joy to drive. But incredibly, he is also enjoying the Ioniq5 for its toast making abilities. Steve is an avid outdoorsman and camping enthusiast. He has a few small appliances so that he can bring along the comforts of home as he treks in the wilderness. But he can power these appliances by plugging in an adapter that draws power from the car's battery and turns it into power for appliances or other devices. Steve has been asked a lot of questions about how useful his car is or what he would do if he were ever stuck on the highway, especially in the cold. Now, Steve answers that he can pull out his toaster oven and make a meal as he sits and waits for the highway to open. He can even fire up a small coffee maker to make that situation a little more tolerable. Steve did a lot of research before buying an electric vehicle. It doesn't fit everyone's lifestyle. Those who are not able to spend 30 minutes charging their car on long trips probably won't enjoy the added time of a long journey in an electric car. But for somebody who makes frequent short trips, Steve can go months without having to spend any time at a gas station refueling. And with the price of gas lately, driving past the gas stations feels good in many ways. Steve enjoys the impressive acceleration, the quiet running motor, and the feeling that there are less emissions. But now, Steve also enjoys the snacks that come with the purchase of a car like this.

Snowy is a house cat who lives in England. She shares her backyard with wild crows, squirrels, seagulls and a few other animals. Snowy's owner, Pam feeds a lot of wildlife and they have become very accustomed to her as she gives them their snacks. The cats have learned to live with these visitors too, having no apparent desire to actually catch any of the birds. The birds have learned that they are relatively safe on the fence. Although not completely relaxed when a cat is beside them, the birds are more playful than fearful. This is Steven Seagull and he frequents Pam's feeding stations and water buckets, He waits patiently for the food to appear and he shares his excitement with Snowy, trying to engage in a conversation. It sounds like he's laughing at an inside joke, or maybe he's asking what's on the menu. Snowy doesn't seem impressed enough to pay much attention. She looks around and ignores Steven, despite his best attempt at socializing. After a few tries, he decides to fly over to another fence to wait on his own for the food to come. Seagulls and cats are not normally so comfortable with each other. Snowy has proven reluctant to fight with the animals who some to see Pam. They've established enough trust that they can share a spot on the fence without fear. It's remarkable to see this kind of comfort between cats and birds!

Bumblebees are very hardworking little creatures. Like honeybees, they are attracted by coloured flowers where they drink nectar and gather pollen for honey production. Like honeybees, bumblebees are important pollinators. As they gather pollen and nectar, they brush against various parts of the flowers, pollenating in the process. There are approximately 250 species of bumblebees in the world. They prefer more temperate climates such as those found in Europe and North America, although some species can be found in more tropical regions. Their colonies consist of as few as 50 many as 400 individuals, which is much less than the colonies of honeybees. They are social animals and they cooperate to find food and care for others in the nest. Bumblebees are remarkably intelligent compared with most insects, having been found to possess the ability to learn by observation. In studies where bees were given a food reward for moving a heavy object, they learned more quickly if they were able to see other bees complete the task first. The bees that observed the object being moved by a magnet also learned, but significantly less quickly than those bees that watched another bee move the object. In a bumblebee colony, only the queen survives the winter. The workers and drones perish when the weather turns cold. The queen emerges and lays eggs that are fertilized by sperm that she has stored from mating the year before. The queen can lay fertilized eggs that hatch into female workers, or unfertilized eggs that hatch into male drones. She cares for and feeds the larvae until they hatch. She feeds them nectar for carbohydrates and pollen for protein. The larvae will need both to thrive. Once enough workers hatch and mature, they will take over the duties of gathering food and caring for the larvae. The queen spends her time laying more eggs. Worker female bumblebees can also lay eggs, but they will only develop into drone males. The males have only one set of chromosomes, as opposed to females that have two sets. Only the queens can lay diploid female eggs. The queen will limit the worker bees' ability to lay eggs through physical aggression and pheromones. Bumblebees are capable of foraging 1-2 km (1 mile) from their nest and they can reach speeds of up to 54km/h (35mph). Queens and female bumblebees are capable of stinging, although most bumblebees are not aggressive and it is unlikely that a bee will sting a human unless handled excessively. The world of bees is a fascinating one and biologists are learning more about these incredible creatures each day. We now understand that bees are vital to the health and survival of most plants and that without them, our planet would be doomed.

Humpback whales are one of the most massive and beautiful creatures on earth. They come to Tonga in July through October to mate and to have their babies in a safe environment where there are no predators. The conditions are ideal and the mothers feed their calves massive amounts of milk so they will grow rapidly. They will need their size and strength for the long journey to northern waters where they feed. Bulls, or male humpbacks, also come to Tonga and they will follow females and calves for weeks, providing an escort and added safety for the pair. But they are also waiting and hoping for a chance to mate with the females. Their protectiveness is only partially out of desire to keep her and the calf safe. It is also motivated by a desire for an opportunity to reproduce. When a female humpback is ready to mate, males will follow and even chase her, competing with each other for the rights. These pursuits often involve six or seven males swimming at full speed, acting very aggressively as they thrash and bump each other. Occasionally, they inflict serious injury on each other in the process. They are 60 ton animals and their hormones are raging. They have little restraint and a lot of drive as they struggle ferociously to impress the female. These behaviors are thrilling and fascinating to watch from a boat. These swimmers are enjoying a snorkel in the shallow waters near an island close to Vavaèu in the Tongan waters. They have been watching the whales from the boat and looking for a chance to actually swim with a whale. Now, during a break for lunch, they are looking at coral and fish along the reef. It is the last place you would expect to see a humpback whale, or a pod of fast moving whales. But the whales came crashing through like a herd of wild elephants. The female led the pack and nearly struck two of the swimmers. They saw her coming in time to swim backwards and out of the way. The laws here, as well as common sense, require that people avoid getting closer that 5m or 15 feet to the whales. Ethical guides such as the one on this tour will strictly enforce these rules and make sure that guests understand. But it is impossible to control the behavior of the whales and it is possible that they will not respect the same distance. The swimmer filming this incredible event looked to his left to see a 55 foot humpback bearing down on him in water that was barely deep enough for the whale to squeeze through. He was floating at the surface, about 15 feet off the coral and there was nothing to do but tuck in his arms and legs. The whale seemed to realize he was about to collide with a helpless person and he slowed abruptly, twisting and almost scraping the coral with his belly. The bull swam directly under him and missed by inches. This gentle giant actually made very slow and careful strokes with his tail until he was clear of the swimmer. He then accelerated with much bigger tail strokes and rapidly took off after the pack. A total of seven whales barged past these surprised swimmers. These incredible creatures have much greater intelligence and compassion than we have ever given them credit for. Sadly, some countries are still hunting and killing these magnificent animals. The Tongan people can teach us a lot about respecting the whales and the environment. The humpbacks also provide the Tongans with much needed revenue through tourism as people travel here to experience their beauty in their natural world. To lose these whales would be beyond tragic.

Wild crows learn quickly where they can get food. With intelligence and problem solving skills comparable to those of a chimpanzee, they are among the smartest creatures in the animal kingdom. These crows have been coming to this back yard for years and they have grown very accustomed to the humans who live here. They have even grown comfortable with the family cat. Pam is an extreme animal lover and her back yard in England is a refuge and feeding ground for birds and animals of all kinds. But among her favourites are the crows who come daily for snacks. They are very wild, but they allow her to come close and they respond to her voice and her gentle approach. They will sit trustingly as she places food in the feeders or on the fence posts and they will come close to snatch up the food when she steps back. This crow is incredibly bold as it waits on the fence for food. It wants to investigate the feeders and containers that often hold bird seed, peanuts, and other treats. The only difficulty is that Luna the cat is sitting on the fence as if she is guarding the feeders. She washes her paws and face in that way that cats do, while it is obvious that she is daring the crow to come closer. Or perhaps she is just showing the crow who is boss and testing to see if it keeps its distance. The swish of the tail tells us that Luna is well aware of the crow and that she is slightly annoyed because it obviously wants to be where she is sitting. The crafty crow seems to understand the body language and he mischievously dances back and forth, making a few attempts to grab the cat's tail in his beak. After several tries, he seems to get hold of it briefly before the cat yanks its tail away. The crow is enjoying the game immensely and both must be aware that the crow can take flight at the slightest sign of a lunge. This feisty crow is such a rascal that you can't help but cheer for him and hope he gets hold of the cat's tail. It's clear that he does not intend to do any harm to the cat. Crows are believed to be one of the few animals that possess a sense of humour and this crow certainly gives us reason to believe it. As if reprimanding the cat, our crow friend squawks at Luna in the most cheeky manner after it decided to perch nearby. In the end, Pam comes out with some meat for her crow friend and he accepts it gratefully before flying off.

Swimming with sea turtles is on the wish list of almost every animal lover and nature enthusiast. They are beautiful and graceful creatures that inspire awe in all who see them. But to swim beside one in its own world or to have one approach on its own terms is an experience that is too beautiful to describe. This swimmer slipped into the ocean off Floreana Island in the Galapagos. It is a very remote part of the world with very few inhabitants and only occasional day visitors. The wildlife here has learned that they have no reason to fear humans. A respectful approach allowed this swimmer to get a close look at several huge Pacific green turtles as they drifted and fed on algae and other vegetation. Keeping his arms at his side and allowing the current to carry him, the swimmer found himself able to watch the turtles for a prolonged period. The turtles acted as if he was another turtle or at least something that caused them no concern. The surge of the ocean would occasionally bring the turtles so close that it was an effort for them not to bump into him. With so many turtles around him it was difficult to know how to avoid contact or where to look for the best view. The video footage captures a close up look at the turtles grazing contentedly. It is such a peaceful and magical experience that this swimmer will not likely forget this encounter. The Galapagos Islands are home to many unique and beautiful creatures on land as well as beneath the waves.

Kaila is an adventurous and fun-loving person who doesn't mind trying anything challenging. When she traveled to the Galapagos Islands with a group of Canadian tourists, they found themselves at a a giant tortoise conservation centre. Part of the benefit of these facilities is that they provide education and understanding through displays and materials that people can actually touch. One of the displays was a set of tortoise shells from animals that had died of natural causes. Guests were invited to touch the shells to see how solid and heavy they are. They were also invited to climb inside for a sense of how massive the tortoises really are. Kaila was interested in the shells and her group knew that her enthusiasm for things like this would leave her tempted to try one on. Being a good sport, Kaila stepped up and agreed to climb inside one of the shells. She easily slipped inside the enormous shell with room to spare. Kaila lifted the shell off the ground, remarking at the effort required to hoist such a weight. As she got to her feet, she realized that getting back down, or even out of the shell, was going to require assistance. After a pirouette, Kaila's husband and friends came to the rescue and lowered her back to the floor. She was able to crawl out of the shell after that. These tortoises are incredible animals that are seen as a symbol of the Galapagos Islands. Descended from the giant tortoises of Africa, they have evolved to survive in a dry climate with different vegetation. Their longer necks allow them to reach leaves on shrubs that their descendants could not. Through selective breeding, they have also developed shells with an indentation above the head that allows the neck to stretch up and back even more. The tortoises can live as long as 200 years and they can grow to a weight of more than 400kg (880lbs). They have no defense except to retreat into their shells and wait for a predator to grow tired and go away. Their shells and thick skin make them almost impenetrable. But, as a result of hunting by humans and habitat destruction, their numbers declined in the past few hundred years and the species was at risk of disappearing. Conservation centres like these are helping the tortoise populations increase again through captive breeding and habitat construction. They are now protected and the residents of these islands are making the effort to help the tortoises survive.

Channel clinging crabs are enormous and beautiful creatures that emerge under cover of darkness to hunt in the night. They inhabit reefs throughout Florida and the Caribbean and they are the largest of the crab species in these parts of the ocean. Their shell, or carapace measures at least 15cm (6 inches) across and their legs reach another 60cm (2 feet). Too large to hide in the usual crevices, they spend the day hiding under ledges and in small caves, relying on their camouflage to help disguise them as rocks and chunks or coral. They come out at night to feed on algae and decaying plants and animal matter. Janitors of the reef, they clean up organic material that would rot and cause bacterial growth. This keeps the water clean and also helps reduce the impact of rotting matter on the corals and sponges. They play a role in keeping algae growth in check as well, which benefits the reef. These crabs are an important food source for larger predators such as octopus and even some stingrays. Scuba divers on this reef in Belize waited until nightfall to slip beneath the waves. They navigated by lights and explored what is a different world after the sun sets. These gigantic crabs are numerous as they comb the reef and sandbars in search of their food. They are fascinating to watch as they use their giant claws to pick up food and pass it into their mouths. Resembling mechanized robots, their movements are mesmerizing. Not much is known about these crabs. Researchers know that they are omnivores and that they are nocturnal, but there is still a lot to be learned about how they breed, how long they live, and their whole role in the complex web of life that exists in our oceans.

Hogfish are large fish that roam over the sandy areas on reefs throughout the Caribbean and other areas in the Atlantic ocean. It is a shy and reclusive fish that prefers to avoid being approached by humans or other animals. Scuba divers who are patient enough to close the distance slowly will occasionally get a close look at one, but the encounters are usually brief. They seem to be aware that they are prized for their food value and they are considered to be excellent for spearing and eating. This hogfish seems to be very comfortable being filmed and he casually picks through sand and plants on the surface of a mooring block in Belize while he is filmed. He casts a wary eye toward the cameraman now and then but he boldly swims straight up to the lens and even puts himself between the diver and the mooring block at one point. Turning his back on the diver as he looks for tiny crabs and mollusks, he shows complete confidence that he is in no danger. The hogfish goes a step further though when he comes across Peter who is intent on capturing a photograph of a juvenile French Angelfish. The elusive little fish is darting back and forth and Peter is remaining still to wait for the little fish to position himself for the shot. As if he wants to be the star, the hogfish casually swims right in front of the camera, photobombing the angelfish. For a fish that is normally shy, this lack of concern is remarkable. Several scuba divers who were exploring around this mooring block watched with complete fascination, laughing later as they talked about this event back on the boat. It seems that the hogfish wanted to "hog" the spotlight and be the centre of attention. This video was filmed at a depth of 10m (33 feet) on a sunny day with perfectly calm conditions. The sand bar between the two coral reefs provided a perfect spot to explore and observe fish, octopus, crabs and reef sharks. Scuba diving is a sport that opens doors to a magnificent and awe inspiring world. The animals are unique and the scenery under the waves is beautiful beyond words.

This reef shark is a well known character in Belize. He lives on a reef that is a favourite spot for scuba divers and he has a habit of following the liveaboard from one dive site to another over several days. His name is "Patches" due to the two large scars on his head just behind his eyes. It is believed that he received these scars when he was younger as he fed on the surface of the ocean. The frigate birds pecked at him, causing wounds on his head that healed, but left scars. The locals speak fondly of Patches, having become very fond of him over recent years. He is 9 feet long with a mouthful of teeth, yet they are not afraid when he shows up to accompany them as they drift over the coral. Scuba divers in Belize are combatting the problem of invasive lion fish by spearing them as they dive. These fish were never meant to be in the Atlantic ocean. They were released by accident and they have over populated and destroyed populations of native fish, risking the overall health of reefs throughout the area. The lion fish are beautiful, but they are also deadly predators and they have no natural predators of their own. It is hoped that spearing lion fish will decrease their numbers and that feeding them to the sharks and eels will create a recognition that they are food to be hunted. Patches is not following the divers out of affection. It may be curiosity, but it is largely his interest in the possibility of a free meal as they capture and kill the lion fish. Once injured, the sharks are able to eat the lion fish without being stabbed by their venomous barbs. There are different schools of thought on feeding the wildlife. Some experts maintain that it is a bad practice to have animals associate humans with food. Others believe that the benefit outweighs the negative. In the meantime, scuba divers throughout the Atlantic are being encouraged to harvest the lion fish and remove them from the reef. As it turns out, they are a delicious fish to eat. Perhaps when we also see them as an excellent food source, hunting them for profit will be the solution that we are looking for.

Spotted salamanders are fascinating creatures that live in most forests throughout central and eastern United States and Canada. They are abundant yet we rarely see them. Like other salamanders, they live under leaves and logs, and in the burrows of small rodents and mammals, spending a great deal of the year underground. They eat worms and insects and keep to themselves. But every year, these salamanders move in unison in great numbers, seeking the closest pond or vernal pool for breeding. They prefer small bodies of water without fish, which would eat their eggs. The salamanders can journey considerable distances to find their breeding grounds. This migration takes place at night in the early spring when the snow and ice have just begun to melt. Signaled by their hormones, they wait for the first rainy night that is more than 7°C (45°F) to make their trek to the water. The males arrive first and deposit sperm on the leaf litter in the pond. The females arrive soon after and gather the sperm pouches, taking them inside their bodies to fertilize their eggs. They lay the eggs in masses of up to 100 eggs, attached to submerged sticks near the water's edge. Salamanders have an amazing regenerative ability that allows them to regrow limbs, organs, and even portions of their brains if they are injured. Scientists are particularly interested in understanding this ability and how it might benefit humans. Spotted salamanders are unique from other species in several ways. They are the only vertebrate animal in the world that hosts another organism in a symbiotic relationship. Typically, when a vertebrate is a host to another organism, it is a parasitical relationship, having no benefit to the host. In this case, the salamander eggs contain an algae that uses sunlight to create energy and oxygen. This benefits the eggs by helping to sustain them as they grow and develop. The algae benefits from the stability and protection of the egg and also from the carbon dioxide that it consumes, which is produced by the eggs. The spotted salamander also lays eggs that are coated with a unique outer jelly to prevent the eggs from drying out. On some eggs, the jelly morphs into a water soluble, protein based substance, and on other eggs, it becomes a crystalline protein that repels water. The fact that it develops into two different types allows for the survival of eggs when wood frog larvae are present. The wood frogs would eat the water soluble eggs and deplete the population of salamanders. This is where the algae in the eggs is crucial because the crystalline jelly prevents oxygen absorption from the water. Nature can be complex and fascinating beyond our expectations. The world around us is more of a wonder than we once realized and we would not even realize it if we did not take a close look at some of the small creatures that are right under our feet.

Marine iguanas are incredible examples of adapting and evolving to survive in impossible conditions and harsh climates. These lizards are descended from land iguanas that needed fresh water and terrestrial vegetation to survive. The Galapagos Islands formed 4 million years ago and life found its way here. In some cases, animals were brought here unintentionally, adrift on the masses of floating vegetation or on the ocean currents. Marine iguanas are believed to have evolved 8-9 million years ago when they inhabited parts of the archipelago that are now submerged. When the islands formed, they found their way ashore on the new structures and made them their homes. These iguanas live in a hostile climate where water and vegetation is scarce for much of the year. During the dry season, there would be no food and no fresh water. The iguanas adapted to life here by eating the algae that grows along the shore and under the waves. Females and younger iguanas feed in the intertidal zones while the larger males are strong enough to dive for algae, sometimes as deep as 30m (98ft) and can spend as long as one hour underwater. This ability to swim in strong current and hold their breath is what allows them to thrive where food is difficult for most animals to access. The marine iguana consumes exclusively red and green algae that has a high salt content. The buildup of salt in the marine iguana's body would lead to dehydration and death if the iguana did not have a way of expelling salt. These animals have developed specialized cranial exocrine glands to help them filter salt out of the blood. The salt is then expelled from the body in a manner that resembles sneezing. This iguana can be see snorting out salty fluid as it basks in the sun. Marine iguanas are cold blooded reptiles and they must bask in the sun to keep their bodies warm enough for efficient movement and food digestion. Their dark colour helps with heat reabsorption. They are also capable of lowering their heart rate to 30 beats per minute to help conserve warmth as they swim in the colder water. While basking, their heart rate increases to 100 beats per minute to help them spread the heat throughout their body. In a world where the conditions are not ideal for survival, the adaptations of the animals in the Galapagos Islands can mean the difference between perishing and surviving. The marine iguana is a perfect example of overcoming the challenges and adapting to the environment.

Great horned owls are large and powerful birds. Although they are not the tallest of the owls in North America, they are the heaviest, and often referred to as the largest of the owl family. Their grip strength is unequalled and their talons are razor sharp. As hunters, few owls compare. These owls are particularly of rabbits but they will eat most rodents, small mammals, and even other owls. These owlets are a few weeks old, having hatched in late March. Great horned owls are the first birds in North America to nest and lay eggs. The owlets will fledge in a few more weeks, following their parents and learning how to catch food on their own. For now, they remain in the nest with both parents sharing in the feeding. At first, they will rip chunks off of their kill and feed the owlets small pieces that can be swallowed. As they grow, the parents will leave larger pieces of food in the nest and the babies will tear their own smaller pieces off. The mother and father watch protectively from nearby branches as the babies sleep and eat and wait for their feathers to grow. This adorable little fellow has been awake long enough. He has grown tired and he yawns adorably several times before settling down in the nest for a morning nap. The owls will return each year, building a new nest in a new tree, but always favoring this clump of pines in the forest. Great horned owls choose a preferred territory and nesting area, returning annually.

Sea lions populate almost every sandy beach and rocky shore in the Galapagos Islands. These loveable characters live in large colonies with complex social structure. It's hard to find a spot to stretch out on the sand without being close to at least one. This beach on San Cristobal Island is no different from the others. A large male watches over his colony of females along with many babies. The babies live a life that we would all be envious of. While the mothers are out hunting for food, the babies play in the surf and on the sand, patiently waiting for the return of their mother. These youngsters play an energetic game of chasing each other in and out of the waves. One of them has even found a chunk of broken sea urchin and he chases it as the surf throws it around in the shallows. The female sea lions are like milk machines and they feed their young for more than a year as the young grow big and strong enough to venture out into the ocean for their own food. The mother sea lions come back to shore with full bellies and they call out to their babies who will answer the calls enthusiastically. The two will greet each other as the mother finds a spot to lie down in the sun or in the shade. She will roll on her side to allow the pup access to her milk. The pup will drink until he is full and then he will find a quiet spot to nap as well. This will be repeated several times per day. It's an easy life, for the most part. We should all have a chance to live like this for at least a few weeks!

Baby sea lions are delightful creatures. They spend their time playing in the tidepools, entertaining themselves while their mothers are out a sea, hunting for eels, fish, and octopus. They wait anxiously at the shore for their mothers to return so that they can nurse on the milk that is their main food source for at least a year. A young sea lion would be an easy meal for a large shark if it were to venture out into the open ocean. Nearly every beach and rocky shore in the Galapagos Islands is inhabited by sea lion colonies. Their barks and the cries of the infants are heard above the roar of the surf in almost all locations. This adorable fellow is keeping himself amused with a chuck of broken sea urchin that washes in and out with each wave. Like a dog with a new ball, he chases it and tosses it away, only to chase it again. He is having fun, but he is also developing skills as he learns to manage the ocean currents and capture things underwater. This will serve him well as he develops the ability to hunt for himself as he grows. Sea lions delight and fascinate the tourists of the Galapagos Islands. They are one of the most loveable creatures imaginable. As tempting as it is to touch a baby sea lion, doing so will leave a scent that will almost certainly cause the mother to abandon her young. It will perish from starvation and dehydration. The beaches are also the scene of incredible tragedy as the plaintiff cries of orphaned babies can be heard often. Not all mothers return from the ocean and their young will usually be left without any chance for survival. This is nature's way, and as difficult as it is to watch, humans must never interfere, even with the best of intentions.