Seeker Land

Best evidence yet for alien life on Saturn's moon found by scientists. Enceladus is only body besides Earth known to 'simultaneously satisfy all of the basic requirements for life as we know it', say scientists. Large organic molecules blasted into space from deep-sea vents on one of Saturn's moons, show that it contains "all of the basic requirements for life as we know it”. Plumes of material from cracks in Enceladus' icy surface were sampled by Nasa spacecraft Cassini, shortly before it plunged to its death in Saturn’s atmosphere. A study of this data by an international team of researchers has found evidence of carbon-rich substances formed in the heart of the moon. The scientists said they were “blown away” by the discovery. “Complex organic molecules do not necessarily provide a habitable environment, but on the other hand they are a necessary precursor for life,” - Dr Frank Postberg from the University of Heidelberg, who led the research. “Previously it was unknown whether complex organic chemistry happens on Enceladus – and now we know.” Dr Christopher Glein, a space scientist specializing in extraterrestrial chemical oceanography, said the new findings mean the distant moon is the only body besides Earth known to “simultaneously satisfy all of the basic requirements for life as we know it”. He added: “We are, yet again, blown away by Enceladus. Previously we’d only identified the simplest organic molecules containing a few carbon atoms, but even that was very intriguing.” The new discovery is the culmination of years of data gleaned by Cassini as it flew close by Saturn’s moons, collecting information as it went. Initial surveys found evidence of an enormous ocean of water residing underneath the moon’s icy crust. Subsequent flybys yielded signs of smaller organic compounds like methane gas, as well as hydrogen that indicated deep-sea hydrothermal vents. “Hydrogen provides a source of chemical energy supporting microbes that live in the Earth’s oceans near hydrothermal vents,” said Dr Hunter Waite, who co-authored the study at Southwest Research Institute. “Once you have identified a potential food source for microbes, the next question to ask is ‘what is the nature of the complex organics in the ocean?’ This paper represents the first step in that understanding – complexity in the organic chemistry beyond our expectations.” The news comes shortly after Nasa’s announcement that “ingredients for life” had been found on Mars, a discovery welcomed by scientists as some of the best evidence yet for aliens. Data collected on the red planet was far more detailed than Cassini’s Enceladus findings, but the discoveries made in the past 12 to 15 months have singled out the distant moon as one of the most likely places to support life in our solar system. Dr Postberg said the case for alien life on Enceladus is mounting, but as it stands there are no follow up Cassini missions planned. However, the technology to test for such life exists, and he predicts a decision will be made in the next five years about future alien-hunting missions to this elusive “water world”. “It is of course one of the biggest science questions there are – extraterrestrial life: yes or no – and here is a spot where we can check,” said Dr Postberg. “We have a habitable environment there and we have the means to probe it to find whether there is actual life or not.” Music: Bardos by Dhruva Aliman Amazon - https://amzn.to/3eyYxeD https://music.apple.com/us/artist/dhruva-aliman/363563637 https://dhruvaaliman.bandcamp.com/album/king-neptunes-travelling-merchants-and-their-adventures-in-and-beyond-the-sea http://www.dhruvaaliman.com/ Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/artist/5XiFCr9iBKE6Cupltgnlet

Courtesy Tech Insider - The farthest in space that humans have gone is the moon, most recently during the Apollo 17 mission in December 1972. The farthest that any object made by humans has gone is slightly outside of our own solar system (farther out than any of the planets, that is, but still within the reach of the sun's influence). According to NASA, as of January 2001 the Voyager 1 mission (originally launched in 1977 to study the outer planets) was 12 billion kilometers from the sun (around 80 times the Earth-Sun distance) and moving away at a rate of several hundred million kilometers per year. Voyager 1, though, is still out there hurtling through space past its 40th year of operation. Voyager 1 even still communicates with us on Earth! Currently, Voyager 1 is about 130 times the Earth-Sun distance, or 19.5 billion kilomers from home. Not only is Voyager 1 the furthest spacecraft from Earth, it's also now officially the only spacecraft to have ever left the solar system. Voyager 1 crossed the region known as the "heliopause" starting in 2012, and is now considered to truly be in interstellar space. The Future Of Space Exploration Orion During Exploration Mission-1, Orion will venture thousands of miles beyond the moon during an approximately three-week mission. Modern space exploration is reaching areas once only dreamed about. Mars is focal point of modern space exploration, and manned Mars exploration is a long-term goal of the United States. NASA is on a journey to Mars, with a goal of sending humans to the Red Planet in the 2030s. NASA and its partners have sent orbiters, landers, and rovers, increasing our knowledge about the planet. The Curiosity Rover has gathered radiation data to protect astronauts, and the MARS 2020 Rover will study the availability of oxygen and other Martian resources. #Space #SolarSystem #Exploration Music: Here Today Gone Tomorrow by Dhruva Aliman Amazon- https://amzn.to/3dgKA52 https://music.apple.com/us/artist/dhruva-aliman/363563637 https://dhruvaaliman.bandcamp.com/album/hard-to-get-along http://www.dhruvaaliman.com/ Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/artist/5XiFCr9iBKE6Cupltgnlet

Fireflies produce a chemical reaction inside their bodies that allows them to light up. This type of light production is called bioluminescence. The method by which fireflies produce light is perhaps the best known example of bioluminescence. When oxygen combines with calcium, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and the chemical luciferin in the presence of luciferase, a bioluminescent enzyme, light is produced. Unlike a light bulb, which produces a lot of heat in addition to light, a firefly's light is "cold light" without a lot of energy being lost as heat. This is necessary because if a firefly's light-producing organ got as hot as a light bulb, the firefly would not survive the experience. A firefly controls the beginning and end of the chemical reaction, and thus the start and stop of its light emission, by adding oxygen to the other chemicals needed to produce light. This happens in the insect's light organ. When oxygen is available, the light organ lights up, and when it is not available, the light goes out. Insects do not have lungs, but instead transport oxygen from outside the body to the interior cells within through a complex series of successively smaller tubes known as tracheoles. For a long time it was a mystery as to how some firefly species manage such a high flash rate, considering the relatively slow speed of the muscles that control oxygen transport. Researchers fairly recently learned that nitric oxide gas (the same gas that is produced by taking the drug Viagra) plays a critical role in firefly flash control. In short, when the firefly light is ¿off," no nitric oxide is being produced. In this situation, oxygen that enters the light organ is bound to the surface of the cell's energy-producing organelles, called the mitrochondria, and is thereby not available for transport further within the light organ. The presence of nitric oxide, which binds to the mitochondria, allows oxygen to flow into the light organ where it combines with the other chemicals needed to produce the bioluminescent reaction. Because nitric oxide breaks down very quickly, as soon as the chemical is no longer being produced, the oxygen molecules are again trapped by the mitochondria and are not available for the production of light. Fireflies appear to light up for a variety of reasons. The larvae produce short glows and are primarily active at night, even though many species are subterranean or semi-aquatic. Fireflies produce defensive steroids in their bodies that make them unpalatable to predators. Larvae use their glows as warning displays to communicate their distastefulness. As adults, many fireflies have flash patterns unique to their species and use them to identify other members of their species as well as to discriminate between members of the opposite sex. Several studies have shown that female fireflies choose mates depending upon specific male flash pattern characteristics. Higher male flash rates, as well as increased flash intensity, have been shown to be more attractive to females in two different firefly species. The adult fireflies of some species are not luminous at all, however, and instead use pheromones to locate mates. The use of pheromones as sexual signals appears to be the ancestral condition in fireflies with the use of luminous sexual signals as being a more recent development. There are species that employ both pheromonal and luminous components in their mating systems. These species appear to be evolutionarily intermediate between the pheromone-only fireflies and flash-only fireflies. Music: Halls of Neptune (Breaks Mix) by Dhruva Aliman Amazon- https://amzn.to/3dgKA52 https://music.apple.com/us/artist/dhruva-aliman/363563637 https://dhruvaaliman.bandcamp.com/album/hard-to-get-along http://www.dhruvaaliman.com/ Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/artist/5XiFCr9iBKE6Cupltgnlet

See all 4 Parts of our Amazing Thailand Trip ~ Links & Music listed below… KOH MAK ~ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lRiEIyKkjF0 KOH KHAM ~ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QtVsWfiWSeM KOH CHANG ~ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DozDnCFy4yQ PATTAYA ~ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dHou7h-mPe4 Adventures & Surprises… Amazing Beaches Interesting Food Scuba Diving Temples Monkeys Hidden Art Elephants Strange Creatures Jungle Great restaurants Waterfall Night Life Bungy Jumping Speed Boats Music by Dhruva Aliman Amazon - https://amzn.to/2B9tGa7 https://music.apple.com/us/artist/dhruva-aliman/363563637 https://dhruvaaliman.bandcamp.com/album/road-of-fortunes http://www.dhruvaaliman.com/ Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/artist/5XiFCr9iBKE6Cupltgnlet Tracks, in order- Jujitsu Flow Twilight Streets Nirvana Rush Lover’s Cove

A total of 16 officers voluntarily serve with the Blue Angels. Each year the team typically selects three tactical (fighter or fighter/attack) jet pilots, two support officers and one Marine Corps C-130 pilot to relieve departing members. The Chief of Naval Air Training selects the "Boss," the Blue Angels Commanding Officer. Boss must have at least 3,000 tactical jet flight-hours and have commanded a tactical jet squadron. The Commanding Officer flies the Number 1 jet. The Chief of Naval Air Training also selects the "XO," the Blue Angels Executive Officer. XO is a Naval Flight Officer (NFO) and must have at least 1,250 tactical jet flight-hours. Career-oriented Navy and Marine Corps jet pilots with an aircraft carrier qualification and a minimum of 1,250 tactical jet flight-hours are eligible for positions flying jets Number 2 through 7. The Events Coordinator, Number 8, is a Naval Flight Officer (NFO) or a Weapons Systems Officer (WSO) who meets the same criteria as Numbers 2 through 7. The Marine Corps pilots flying the C-130T Hercules aircraft, affectionately known as "Fat Albert," must be aircraft commander qualified with at least 1,200 flight hours. Career-oriented officers specializing in maintenance, administration, aviation medicine, public affairs and supply fill support positions. The Blue Angels base their selection of officers on professional ability, military bearing and communication skills. Blue Angels officers are well-rounded representatives of their fleet counterparts. Officers typically serve two years with the team. Blue Angels officers return to the fleet after their tours of duty. The mission of the Blue Angels is to showcase the pride and professionalism of the United States Navy and Marine Corps by inspiring a culture of excellence and service to country through flight demonstrations and community outreach. #Speed #Flying #View Music: Here Today Gone Tomorrow by Dhruva Aliman Amazon- https://amzn.to/3dgKA52 https://music.apple.com/us/artist/dhruva-aliman/363563637 https://dhruvaaliman.bandcamp.com/album/hard-to-get-along http://www.dhruvaaliman.com/ Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/artist/5XiFCr9iBKE6Cupltgnlet

While their color vision is somewhat limited and different than ours, they do see color, and a look at the world through a dog’s eyes can provide insight into how they perceive the world. Humans see the world in color because we (usually) have three types of color receptor cells, or cones, in our eyes. These are sensitive individually to red, green, and blue light, and the different intensities and proportions of those three colors as seen by our eyes are put together by the brain to create the full-color world as we know it. Some humans, however, are colorblind, which is a generic term for various changes in color perception, depending upon which of the receptors are defective. Two of the more common types are red-green and blue-yellow, in which a person cannot distinguish the two colors named. Human colorblindness is much more common in men than in women, since it is frequently connected to the X chromosome. Men only have one X, so if it is defective, they’re out of luck. Women have an extra X, so they have to have two defective chromosomes, one from each parent, to have the defect in vision. In fact, women (only) are also susceptible to a visual condition in which they have one extra color receptor, and so can actually see a wider range of colors than people with normal vision. For dogs, their color vision is most similar to a human with red-green color blindness, although there are other differences. Dogs are less sensitive to variations in gray shades than humans are, as well as only about half as sensitive to changes in brightness. Dogs also tend to be nearsighted to varying degrees. A poodle, for example, is estimated to have what we would call 20/75 vision in the US (about 6/24 elsewhere in the world). However, dogs do outperform humans in some visual abilities. Dogs are much more sensitive to motion at a distance — anywhere from 10 to 20 times more sensitive than humans. Their vision is also well-suited to hunting during dawn and dusk. Combining their motion and twilight sensitivity with a wider degree of peripheral vision than humans, a dog’s eyes are perfectly suited for hunting down fast-moving prey — but did their vision evolve this way to make them better hunters? The answer to that question is a little more complicated than just yes or no. As it turns out, full color vision arose fairly early in the evolutionary development of the eye. Among some fish, reptiles, birds, and insects, four or more different color receptors are not uncommon. Butterflies have five, but the undisputed winner in the color vision category is probably the mantis shrimp, which has an incredible sixteen different color receptors in its eyes. Along the way, mammals began to lose all the extra receptors until only two remained. Since this didn’t put dogs or other predators at a particular disadvantage for hunting, it didn’t make much of a difference. It was only later on that some primates, including humans, re-evolved and added the additional receptor that gives us full color vision. Cesar and fans at the National Family Pack Walk,And as your dog sees it. as you see it. So, the next time your dog can’t find the red ball that you just threw onto a green lawn, remember that their world, while still full of vivid blues and yellows, is probably a bit less colorful than your own. But don’t feel sorry for dogs because of this. What they lack in visual ability, they make up for in sense of smell. Their noses have been estimated to be up to 100 million times more sensitive than yours. Their eyesight may be limited, but they can smell in 3D, IMAX, and TechnicolorTM. Music: The Wolf and the River by Dhruva Aliman Amazon- https://amzn.to/2Mgr7pg https://music.apple.com/us/artist/dhruva-aliman/363563637 https://dhruvaaliman.bandcamp.com/album/the-wolf-and-the-river http://www.dhruvaaliman.com/ Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/artist/5XiFCr9iBKE6Cupltgnlet

This informative program takes a look at the more mysterious aspects of ancient Egypt, following historians and archaeologists as they reveal a side to the innovative civilization that includes unexpected sexual behavior, beliefs in mysticism and magic, and more. We all know the Egypt of the pyramids and King Tut's tomb. But there's much, much more. The daily life of ancient Egyptians was filled with magic and mystery. It takes a closer look at the beliefs and habits of one of the world's oldest cultures. There was intrigue in the royal palace, divine cats, and an entire industry devoted to ushering the dead into the next world. Spells, potions, and incantations ruled every aspect of life. Yet even in these unusual customs, we'll find the human face of the ancient people of Egypt. When we think of ancient Egypt, we can’t help but envision a sea of pyramids. We’ve seen lots of films about mummies and pharaohs’ tombs and we know that Egyptians invented paper. But there are still some facts that teachers didn’t tell us about in school. For example, pharaohs weren’t fit people like they were depicted in the pictures. Their lipstick was made from crushed insects. Red carminic acid extracted from cochineal or scale insects used to be used as a makeup component. However, modern women, unlike Cleopatra, don’t have to extract carmine dye to produce makeup. To apply lipstick, they don’t have to boil and crush insects. Pharaohs used slaves as bait to get rid of flies. Flies spoiled the ancient Egyptians’ lives even more than they do now. Today, we use different sprays and creams but King Pepi II had slaves cover themselves with honey to serve as bait for flies. Quite an unpleasant job, right? Pharaohs suffered from obesity. In many pictures from ancient Egypt, we can see fit and healthy people. But scientists have performed an x-ray analysis on mummies and concluded that these pictures are far from reality: rich Egyptians, especially pharaohs, were actually fat and unhealthy. Harmful foods enriched with carbs and saturated fats and alcohol contributed to obesity and health problems. Dwarfs enjoyed privileges. In ancient Egypt, dwarfism was considered to be a gift from the gods, so dwarfs enjoyed many privileges. They held senior positions at work, were personal assistants and jewel keepers, and worked only for The Royal Family during The First Dynasty. There was a presumption of guilt in court. Despite a well-developed legal system, there was a rule stating that an accused person was guilty until proven otherwise. To learn the truth, an accused person, as well as witnesses, were tortured. By the way, the accused didn’t have lawyers. #History #Documentary #Ancient

Alchemy was born in ancient Egypt, where the word Khem was used in reference to the fertility of the flood plains around the Nile. Egyptian beliefs in life after death, and the mummification procedures they developed, probably gave rise to rudimentary chemical knowledge and a goal of immortality. By 332 BC, Alexander the Great had conquered Egypt. Greek philosophers became interested in the Egyptian ways. Greek views of how matter is made up of the four elements of nature - Fire, Earth, Air and Water, were merged with the Egyptian sacred science. The result was Khemia, the Greek word for Egypt. When Egypt was occupied by the Arabs in the 7th Century, they added 'al-' to the word Khemia and al-Khemia meaning 'the Black Land' is now seen as a possible origin for the word alchemy. The Greek word khumos, meaning 'fluid' has been suggested as an alternate origin for the word alchemy, there is as yet no consensus on the matter. It is unfortunate that more is not known about this early period in the history of alchemy. In 391, invading Christians burned the great library in Alexandria, destroying many relevant works. Alchemy was also developed independently in China by Taoist monks. The monks pursued both the outer elixir and the inner elixir. The former being minerals, plants etc. which could prolong life, and the latter being the use of exercise techniques, such as Qigong, to manipulate the chi or life force of the body. Many of the earliest chemists, physicians, and philosophers were also alchemists. The word “alchemy” brings to mind a cauldron-full of images: witches hovering over a boiling brew, or perhaps sorcerers in smoky labs or cluttered libraries. Despite these connotations of the mythic and mystical, alchemical practice played an important role in the evolution of modern science. Historically, alchemy refers to both the investigation of nature and an early philosophical and spiritual discipline that combined chemistry with metal work. Alchemy also encompassed physics, medicine, astrology, mysticism, spiritualism, and art. The goals of alchemy were: to find the “elixir of life” (it was thought that this magical elixir would bring wealth, health, and immortality); to find or make a substance called the “philosopher’s stone,” which when heated and combined with “base” (nonprecious metals such as copper and iron) would turn it into gold, thought to be the highest and purest form of matter; and to discover the relationship of humans to the cosmos and use that understanding to improve the human spirit. Alchemy was scientific but it was also a spiritual tradition. Some of its practitioners had altruistic intentions. For instance, if alchemists could learn the secret of “purifying” base metals into gold, they might gain the ability to purify the human soul. At the same time, alchemy has often been seen as a get-rich-quick scheme and many alchemists as charlatans and pretenders. But many alchemists were in fact serious-minded practitioners whose work helped lay the groundwork for modern chemistry and medicine. Alchemy began as a quest to know the world around us — its composition as well as our own. That quest for knowledge required an understanding of chemical processes, and while alchemy itself would not survive the Enlightenment (the Age of Reason of the 17th and 18th centuries), the quest it began continues today in chemistry. To understand the ever-evolving field of chemistry, which is sometimes called “the central science” because it connects natural sciences like physics, geology, and biology, it’s critical to grasp its beginnings. Alchemists contributed to an incredible diversity of what would later be recognized as chemical industries: basic metallurgy, metalworking, the production of inks, dyes, paints, and cosmetics, leather-tanning, and the preparation of extracts and liquors. It was a fourth-century Indian alchemist who first described the process of zinc production by distillation, a 17th- century German alchemist who isolated phosphorus, and another German alchemist of the same period who developed a porcelain material that broke China’s centuries-old monopoly on one of the world’s most valuable commodities. These contributions proved valuable to the societies in which alchemists lived and to the advancement of civilization. But alchemists often made no distinction between purely chemical questions and the more mystical aspects of their craft. They lacked a common language for their concepts and processes. They borrowed the terms and symbols of biblical and pagan mythology, astrology, and other spiritual arenas, making even the simplest formula read like a magic spell or ritual. And although there were commonly used techniques, alchemists shared no standardized, established scientific practice.

Why You Can’t Remember Exact Colors - You’re shopping for a new sofa and struggle to remember the exact shade of your living room wall — why is it so tough? Now, new research explains why people often have trouble correctly recalling a particular hue. Scientists at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore said that people can distinguish between millions of colors seen in front of them, but have real difficulty if asked to recall specific shades because “color memory” is limited to a few “best” versions of basic colors. For example, your brain can tell the difference between shades of blue — such as azure, navy, cobalt and ultramarine — but labels them all as blue. The same is true for shades of all colors, the researchers said. “We can differentiate millions of colors, but to store this information, our brain has a trick. We tag the color with a coarse label. That then makes our memories more biased, but still pretty useful,” study leader Jonathan Flombaum, a cognitive psychologist at Johns Hopkins, said in a university news release. He and his colleagues arrived at their conclusions through a series of experiments involving volunteers who viewed 180 different color shades. The study, published recently in the Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, is the first to show this “memory bias” in colors, Flombaum’s team said. It’s not that the brain lacks the space to remember millions of color shades, Flombaum explained. Instead, it intentionally uses broad, language-driven categories for color, he said. “We have very precise perception of color in the brain, but when we have to pick that color out in the world there’s a voice that says, ‘It’s blue,’ and that affects what we end up thinking we saw,” he said. Music: Halls of Neptune (Breaks Mix) by Dhruva Aliman Amazon- https://amzn.to/3dgKA52 https://music.apple.com/us/artist/dhruva-aliman/363563637 https://dhruvaaliman.bandcamp.com/album/hard-to-get-along http://www.dhruvaaliman.com/ Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/artist/5XiFCr9iBKE6Cupltgnlet

The Earth's core is the part of Earth in the middle of our planet. It has a solid inner core and a liquid outer core. Outer core - The outer core of the Earth is a liquid layer about 2,260 kilometers thick. It is made of iron and nickel. This is above the Earth's solid inner core and below the mantle. Its outer boundary is 2,890 km (1,800 mi) beneath the Earth's surface. The transition between the inner core and outer core is approximately 5,000 km (3,100 mi) beneath the Earth's surface. The temperature of the outer core ranges from 4400 °C in the outer regions to 6100 °C near the inner core. Eddy currents in the nickel iron fluid of the outer core are believed to influence the Earth's magnetic field. The average magnetic field strength in the Earth's outer core is 25 Gauss, 50 times stronger than the magnetic field at the surface. Without the outer core, life on Earth would be very different. Convection of liquid metals in the outer core creates the Earth's magnetic field. This magnetic field extends outward from the Earth for several thousand kilometers, and creates a protective magnetosphere around the Earth that deflects the Sun's solar wind. Without this field, the solar wind would directly strike the Earth's atmosphere. This might have removed the Earth's atmosphere, making the planet nearly lifeless. It may have happened to Mars.[4] Inner core The inner core of the Earth, as detected by seismology, is a solid sphere about 1,216 km (760 mi) in radius, or about 70% that of the Moon. It is believed to be an iron–nickel alloy, and may have a temperature similar to the Sun's surface, about 5778 K (5505 °C). In 2015, Prof Xiaodong Song from the University of Illinois and other researchers in China suggested the inner core has two layers.[5] The seismic wave data suggests that crystals in the "inner inner core" are in an east-to-west direction. Those in the "outer inner core" are lined up north to south. Another scientist commented: "If this is true, it would imply that something very substantial happened to flip the orientation of the core to turn the alignment of crystals in the inner core north-south as is seen today in its outer parts". Other scientists are checking their data.

The Stone Age marks a period of prehistory in which humans used primitive stone tools. Lasting roughly 2.5 million years, the Stone Age ended around 5,000 years ago when humans in the Near East began working with metal and making tools and weapons from bronze. During the Stone Age, humans shared the planet with a number of now-extinct hominin relatives, including Neanderthals and Denisovans. The Stone Age began about 2.6 million years, when researchers found the earliest evidence of humans using stone tools, and lasted until about 3,300 B.C. when the Bronze Age began. Some experts believe the use of stone tools may have developed even earlier in our primate ancestors, since some modern apes, including bonobos, can also use stone tools to get food. Stone artifacts tell anthropologists a lot about early humans, including how they made things, how they lived and how human behavior evolved over time. Early in the Stone Age, humans lived in small, nomadic groups. During much of this period, the Earth was in an Ice Age—a period of colder global temperatures and glacial expansion. Mastodons, saber-toothed cats, giant ground sloths and other megafauna roamed. Stone Age humans hunted large mammals, including wooly mammoths, giant bison and deer. They used stone tools to cut, pound, and crush—making them better at extracting meat and other nutrients from animals and plants than their earlier ancestors. About 14,000 years ago, Earth entered a warming period. Many of the large Ice Age animals went extinct. In the Fertile Crescent, a boomerang-shaped region bounded on the west by the Mediterranean Sea and on the east by the Persian Gulf, wild wheat and barley became plentiful as it got warmer. Some humans started to build permanent houses in the region. They gave up the nomadic lifestyle of their Ice Age ancestors to begin farming. Human artifacts in the Americas begin showing up from around this time, too. Experts aren’t exactly sure who these first Americans were or where they came from, though there’s some evidence these Stone Age people may have followed a footbridge between Asia and North America, which became submerged as glaciers melted at the end of the last Ice Age. Much of what we know about life in the Stone Age and Stone Age people comes from the tools they left behind. Hammerstones are some of the earliest and simplest stone tools. Prehistoric humans used hammerstones to chip other stones into sharp-edged flakes. They also used hammerstones to break apart nuts, seeds and bones and to grind clay into pigment. Archaeologists refer to these earliest stone tools as the Oldowan toolkit. Oldowan stone tools dating back nearly 2.6 million years were first discovered in Tanzania in the 1930s by archaeologist Louis Leakey. Most of the makers of Oldowan tools were right-handed, leading experts to believe that handedness evolved very early in human history. Not all Stone Age tools were made of stone. Groups of humans experimented with other raw materials including bone, ivory and antler, especially later on in the Stone Age. Some examples of late Stone Age tools include harpoon points, bone and ivory needles, bone flutes for playing music and chisel-like stone flakes used for carving wood, antler or bone. People during the Stone Age first started using clay pots to cook food and store things. The oldest pottery known was found at an archaeological site in Japan. Fragments of clay containers used in food preparation at the site may be up to 16,500 years old. Stone Age food varied over time and from region to region, but included the foods typical of hunter gatherers: meats, fish, eggs, grasses, tubers, fruits, vegetables, seeds and nuts. While humans had the technology to create spears and other tools to use as weapons, there’s little evidence for Stone Age wars. Most researchers think the population density in most areas was low enough to avoid violent conflict between groups. Stone Age wars may have started later when humans began settling and established economic currency in the form of agricultural goods. The earliest known depiction of a human in Stone Age art is a small ivory sculpture of a female figure with exaggerated breasts and genitalia. The figurine is named the Venus of Hohle Fels, after the cave in Germany in which it was discovered. It’s about 40,000 years old. Humans started carving symbols and signs onto the walls of caves during the Stone Age using hammerstones and stone chisels. These early murals, called petroglyphs, depict scenes of animals. Some may have been used as early maps, showing trails, rivers, landmarks, astronomical markers and symbols communicating time and distance traveled. Shamans, too, may have created cave art while under the influence of natural hallucinogens.

Every man alive can trace his origins to one man who lived about 135,000 years ago, new research suggests. Ancestral Adam was found in 1995, when a separate study on male ancestry examined the Y-chromosome, passed directly from father to son. "Science" published the results of a study in which a segment of the Y-chromosome from 38 men from different ethnic groups were analyzed for variation. Their conclusion was that every man alive today actually descended from a single man whom scientists now refer to as “Y-Chromosomal Adam.” And that ancient man likely shared the planet with the mother of all women. The findings, detailed today in the journal Science, come from the most complete analysis of the male sex chromosome, or the Y chromosome, to date. The results overturn earlier research, which suggested that men's most recent common ancestor lived just 50,000 to 60,000 years ago. Despite their overlap in time, ancient "Adam" and ancient "Eve" probably didn't even live near each other, let alone mate. "Those two people didn't know each other," said Melissa Wilson Sayres, a geneticist at the University of California, Berkeley, who was not involved in the study. Tracing history Researchers believe that modern humans left Africa between 60,000 and 200,000 years ago, and that the mother of all women likely emerged from East Africa. But beyond that, the details get fuzzy. The Y chromosome is passed down identically from father to son, so mutations, or point changes, in the male sex chromosome can trace the male line back to the father of all humans. By contrast, DNA from the mitochondria, the energy powerhouse of the cell, is carried inside the egg, so only women pass it on to their children. The DNA hidden inside mitochondria, therefore, can reveal the maternal lineage to an ancient Eve. But over time, the male chromosome gets bloated with duplicated, jumbled-up stretches of DNA, said study co-author Carlos Bustamante, a geneticist at Stanford University in California. As a result, piecing together fragments of DNA from gene sequencing was like trying to assemble a puzzle without the image on the box top, making thorough analysis difficult. Y chromosome Bustamante and his colleagues assembled a much bigger piece of the puzzle by sequencing the entire genome of the Y chromosome for 69 men from seven global populations, from African San Bushmen to the Yakut of Siberia. By assuming a mutation rate anchored to archaeological events (such as the migration of people across the Bering Strait), the team concluded that all males in their global sample shared a single male ancestor in Africa roughly 125,000 to 156,000 years ago. In addition, mitochondrial DNA from the men, as well as similar samples from 24 women, revealed that all women on the planet trace back to a mitochondrial Eve, who lived in Africa between 99,000 and 148,000 years ago — almost the same time period during which the Y-chromosome Adam lived. More ancient Adam But the results, though fascinating, are just part of the story, said Michael Hammer, an evolutionary geneticist at the University of Arizona who was not involved in the study. A separate study in the same issue of the journal Science found that men shared a common ancestor between 180,000 and 200,000 years ago. And in a study detailed in March in the American Journal of Human Genetics, Hammer's group showed that several men in Africa have unique, divergent Y chromosomes that trace back to an even more ancient man who lived between 237,000 and 581,000 years ago. "It doesn't even fit on the family tree that the Bustamante lab has constructed — It's older," Hammer told LiveScience. Gene studies always rely on a sample of DNA and, therefore, provide an incomplete picture of human history. For instance, Hammer's group sampled a different group of men than Bustamante's lab did, leading to different estimates of how old common ancestors really are. Adam and Eve? These primeval people aren't parallel to the biblical Adam and Eve. They weren't the first modern humans on the planet, but instead just the two out of thousands of people alive at the time with unbroken male or female lineages that continue on today. The rest of the human genome contains tiny snippets of DNA from many other ancestors — they just don't show up in mitochondrial or Y-chromosome DNA, Hammer said. (For instance, if an ancient woman had only sons, then her mitochondrial DNA would disappear, even though the son would pass on a quarter of her DNA via the rest of his genome.) As a follow-up, Bustamante's lab is sequencing Y chromosomes from nearly 2,000 other men. Those data could help pinpoint precisely where in Africa these ancient humans lived. "It's very exciting," Wilson Sayres told LiveScience. "As we get more populations across the world, we can start to understand exactly where we came from physically."

Revolutionary improvements to medical tools and techniques. These 13 new producers are changing the world of medical health. Includes- iWalk hands free crutches, Alair Bronchial Thermoplasty, system to treat Asthma, re-designed prosthetics, MetaVac Mechanical thrombectomy, Vetigel to instantly stop bleeding, robotic pill, bridge-enhanced ACL repair, and more... Music: What Must Be (Deep Mix) by Dhruva Aliman Amazon- https://amzn.to/3eAjEgC https://music.apple.com/us/artist/dhruva-aliman/363563637 https://dhruvaaliman.bandcamp.com/album/what-must-be http://www.dhruvaaliman.com/ Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/artist/5XiFCr9iBKE6Cupltgnlet

From caves to waterfalls, gardens to architecture. These are the best travel places on earth known for their spectacular scenery and stunning beauty. Some of the spots covered are Salar de Uyuni Salt Flats, Bolivia. Barreirinhas Brazil, Antelope Canyon Arizona, Moeraki Boulders New Zealand, Kawasan Falls Philippines, Tulip Fields Lisse Netherlands, Banal Sea Cave Portugal, Ashikaga Flower Park, Blue Grotto Capri Italy, Great Blue Hole Belize, Jellyfish LakeEil Malk island Palau, Rainbow mountain Andes Peru, Aurora Borealis Observatory Senja Norway #Travel #Adventure #Explore Music: Road of Fortunes by Dhruva Aliman Amazon - https://amzn.to/2B9tGa7 https://music.apple.com/us/artist/dhruva-aliman/363563637 https://dhruvaaliman.bandcamp.com/album/road-of-fortunes http://www.dhruvaaliman.com/ Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/artist/5XiFCr9iBKE6Cupltgnlet #travel #explore #amazing

Courtesy Tech Insider - Scent of a Man: Women Can Sniff Out a Hot Guy - Men, Listen Up: Women Like The Smell Of Guys Who Eat A Certain Diet - What we eat can influence more than our waistlines. It turns out, our diets also help determine what we smell like. A recent study found that women preferred the body odor of men who ate a lot of fruits and vegetables, whereas men who ate a lot of refined carbohydrates (think bread, pasta) gave off a smell that was less appealing. Skeptical? At first, I was, too. I thought this line of inquiry must have been dreamed up by the produce industry. (Makes a good marketing campaign, right?) But it's legit. "We've known for a while that odor is an important component of attractiveness, especially for women," says Ian Stephen of Macquarie University in Australia. He studies evolution, genetics and psychology and is an author of the study. From an evolutionary perspective, scientists say our sweat can help signal our health status and could possibly play a role in helping to attract a mate. How did scientists evaluate the link between diet and the attractiveness of body odor? They began by recruiting a bunch of healthy, young men. They assessed the men's skin using an instrument called a spectrophotometer. When people eat a lot of colorful veggies, their skin takes on the hue of carotenoids, the plant pigments that are responsible for bright red, yellow and orange foods. "The carotenoids get deposited in our skin," explains Stephen. The spectrophotometer "flashes a light onto your skin and measures the color reflected back," says Stephen. The results are "a good indicator of how much fruits and vegetables we're eating," he says. Stephen and his colleagues also had the men in the study complete food frequency questionnaires so they could determine the men's overall patterns of eating. Then the men were given clean T-shirts and asked to do some exercise. Afterward, women in the study were asked to sniff the sweat. (Note: The methodology was much more scientific and precise than my breezy explanation, but you get the picture.) "We asked the women to rate how much they liked it, how floral, how fruity," and a bunch of other descriptors, explains Stephen. It's a small study, but the results were pretty consistent. "Women basically found that men who ate more vegetables smelled nicer," Stephen told us. Men who ate a lot of meat did not produce a sweat that was any more — or less — attractive to women. But meat did tend to make men's odor more intense. "This is not the first study to show that diet influences body odor," says George Preti, an adjunct professor in the dermatology department at the University of Pennsylvania and a member of the Monell Chemical Senses Center in Philadelphia. A study published in 2006 found that women preferred the odor of men who ate a non-meat diet, "characterized by increased intakes of eggs, cheese, soy, fruit and vegetables." But Preti points out that the relationship between diet and body odor is indirect. Some people think if they eat a garlic or onion — or a piece of meat — they will smell like that food. "But that's not what happens," Preti says. Your breath might smell like the food you eat, but not your sweat. Body odor is created when the bacteria on our skin metabolize the compounds that come out of our sweat glands. "The sweat doesn't come out smelly," Preti explains. "It must be metabolized by the bacteria that live on the surface of the skin." Now, of course, at a time when good hygiene and deodorant use are commonplace, is the smell of our sweat a big concern? I put that question to the happy hour crowd at a bar down the street from the NPR headquarters in Washington, D.C. "I'm pretty OK with my smell," Stefan Ruffini told me. That evening he was ordering a burger on a bun and a side of fries, along with a beer. When I told him about the findings of the study, he laughed it off. "I've got a girlfriend, so I don't worry about these things," he said. The study did not assess diet and odor attractiveness among same-sex couples. "As a lesbian, I haven't smelled a man in several years," Stacy Carroll, who was also at happy hour, told me. "I eat a lot of produce, I have a girlfriend, so it's working out." Carroll says people who eat a lot of fruits and vegetables are more likely to be interested in their health — "feeling good, looking fit" — than their smell. Music: Whiskey Blossom by Dhruva Aliman Amazon- https://amzn.to/2Mgr7pg https://music.apple.com/us/artist/dhruva-aliman/363563637 https://dhruvaaliman.bandcamp.com/album/the-wolf-and-the-river http://www.dhruvaaliman.com/ Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/artist/5XiFCr9iBKE6Cupltgnlet #Dating #Attraction #Diet

Agribusiness is a genuinely late innovation, just around 10,000 years of age. Since horticulture started, many generations of agriculturists have falsely reproduced harvests to choose for more attractive characteristics, similar to size and taste. Obviously, your most loved foods grown from the ground have changed radically throughout the hundreds of years. The world is in a constant state of flux. Things are changing every second of every day, sometimes slowly, sometimes quickly, and this is a natural part of life. So it should come as no surprise that much of the food we eat today has changed as well, and bears little resemblance to its distant forebears. There are many reasons for this, including evolution and plant/animal interactions within ecosystems, changes in farming technology and methods — GMOs are one unfortunate example of this — and plant hybridization, which is in itself an agricultural technology. Once we began growing these particular fruits and vegetables en masse to meet the demands of consumers, they started to change. Take a look at what fruits and vegetables used to look like, before we domesticated them. Watermelon The image above is a watermelon painted by Giovanni Stanchi in the 17th century. James Nienhuis, a horticulture professor at the University of Wisconsin, told Vox, “It’s fun to go to art museums and see the still-life pictures, and see what our vegetables looked like 500 years ago.” He uses the Stanchi painting to teach his classes about the history of crop breeding. Some claim that the watermelon is just unripe or under-watered, but the presence of black seeds in the fruit indicates that it was ripe. Today we have bred watermelons to be much smaller, with a white lining and bright red flesh, which is actually the watermelon’s placenta. Before domestication, the placenta lacked the high amounts of lycopene necessary to give it that red colour. We have also created seedless varieties of watermelon in recent years, which may well become the standard. Banana The first bananas are thought to have been cultivated about 10,000 years ago in what is now known as Papua New Guinea. Portuguese colonists in the 15th and 16th centuries established banana plantations in the Atlantic Islands, Brazil, and Western Africa. North Americans soon began consuming bananas on a small scale; it was only until the 1880s that it became more widespread. Today our hybrid bananas come from two wild varieties, Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana, which had large, hard seeds, like the ones in this photo. The modern banana has much smaller seeds, contains more nutrients, and, it has been conjectured, tastes much better. Eggplant The eggplant has made appearances in Chinese literature, specifically in the Tong Yue, dated to 59 BC. Domestication is believed to have started in India, China, Thailand, Burma, or someplace else in southeast Asia. It is believed that the first use of eggplant was most likely medicinal, because its flesh has a bitter aftertaste if left untreated.Domesticated eggplants had round and green fruits, while today’s cultivars feature an incredible range of colors. Wild eggplant is prickly, and today the domesticated versions have few or no prickles. Carrot It is believed that the earliest carrot reference dates back to the 10th century in Persia and Asia Minor, but these vegetables would have borne little resemblance to the carrots we are so familiar with today. Carrots were originally purple or white and quite thin. A mutation is thought to have occurred at some point in their development which removed the purple pigmentation, creating a new race of yellow carrot, from which orange carrots later evolved. Farmers then turned the thin, white roots with a strong flavor and biennial flower into the large and tasty orange roots we enjoy today. Corn The corn we know and love today looked nothing like the barely edible teosinte plant it was bred from. Corn was first domesticated in 7,000 BC and was dry like a raw potato. Today corn is the number 1 grown crop in the U.S and nearly all of it (88 percent) is genetically modified. It is now 1,000 times larger than it was 9,000 years ago and 6.6% of it is made up of sugar compared to 1.9% in natural corn. Peaches The ancient Chinese developed a small, wild fruit that tasted like lentils in 4,000 BC. Farmers selected the tastiest fruits for re-planting, and because they tended to the trees for thousands of years, the fruits became bigger and juicer with each subsequent generation. Now, after 6,000 years, our peaches are 16 times larger, 27% juicier, and 4% sweeter than their distant ancestors. #Evolution #History #Interesting Music: Star of the Conqueror by Dhruva Aliman Amazon- https://amzn.to/2Mgr7pg https://music.apple.com/us/artist/dhruva-aliman/363563637 https://dhruvaaliman.bandcamp.com/album/the-wolf-and-the-river http://www.dhruvaaliman.com/ Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/artist/5XiFCr9iBKE6Cupltgnlet

A top-secret US government research program allegedly investigated the health effects of close encounters with UFOs. The classified study was called the Advanced Aerospace Threat and Identification Program (AATIP) and investigated mysterious aircraft or other unexplained phenomena. Official documents reveal that investigators studied ‘exotic technologies’ including wormholes, antigravity, invisibility cloaking, warp drives and high energy laser weapons. Now it’s been claimed that AATIP explored the health ‘consequences’ suffered by people who witnessed UFO incidents. Details of 38 papers published during the AATIP probe were released last year, although only a handful of the actual documents have been released to the public. One of the studies was called ‘Field Effects on Biological Tissues’. Nick Pope, who was head of the Ministry of Defence’s UFO investigation desk, said this is likely to be the paper which explored the health effects of close encounters. Pope pointed us to an article published on Las Vegas Now in which Dr Hal Puthoff, a scientist who worked on AATIP, said: ‘We as part of this program looked at some cases that were really good from Brazil. ‘In 1977, 78, it was like Close Encounters of the Third Kind, a thousand pages of documents all done by the Brazilian Air Force investigative team, 500 photographs, 15 hours of motion film, a lot of medical injuries when people encountered these craft at close range.’ Pope told Metro the statement is ‘confirmation that the Pentagon’s AATIP program looked not only at UFOs but also at close encounters and alien abductions’. He said: ‘I can’t prove it, but from sources close to this I’m almost certain that part of this work involved getting blood and DNA samples from close encounter witnesses – including at least one and maybe two witnesses to the UK’s infamous Rendlesham Forest incident. ‘I believe this was done in a way that disguised the fact that this was for a US intelligence program, with witnesses being told that they were participating in a scientific or academic study.’ The world first heard about AATIP following the release of footage showing an encounter between an F/A-18 Super Hornet fighter jet and an oval-shaped UFO travelling at astonishing speed. Earlier this year, the US Defense Intelligence Agency has released documents which exposed some of the work carried during the top-secret UFO research project. In a letter addressed to a congressional committee chaired by the late Senator John McCain in 2018, the DIA wrote: ‘The purpose of AATIP was to investigate foreign advanced aerospace weapon threats from the present out to the next 40 years,’ the letter explains. And last year, AATIP programme manager Luis Elizondo said he believed there is ‘very compelling evidence we may not be alone’. He also recently suggested mysterious ‘metamaterials’ which may have come from crashed alien spacecraft are being stored by the American government in specially modified warehouses in Las Vegas. The AATIP programme was closed down in 2012, although the New York Times reporters that exposed its work believe it is still operational in some capacity. Pope added: ‘There are clearly extreme sensitivities about human experimentation, and all this is – or should be – tightly regulated after the scandal that followed the CIA’s infamous MK-Ultra mind control experiments. I’m sure the rules were followed, but if AATIP did acquire blood and DNA samples from close encounter witnesses then I’m sure Congress will want to know how this was done and what was concluded. Hopefully this is one aspect of the ongoing Congressional interest in AATIP and in the phenomenon more generally. ‘Physical effects on UFO witnesses was one aspect of the MoD intelligence assessment of the phenomenon known as Project Condign, but officially titled Unidentified Aerial Phenomena in the UK Air Defence Region. I helped set up this study but had been posted to another MoD division by the time the assessment was completed. ‘One sentence in the final report read ‘The well-reported Rendlesham Forest/Bentwaters event is an example where it might be postulated that several observers were probably exposed to UAP [Unidentified Aerial Phenomenon] radiation for longer than normal UAP sighting periods’. If we can’t study the UFOs themselves, then studying the effects they have is the next best thing. ‘Obviously, that’s got to include taking a very close look at people who claim to have had close encounters, and perhaps even people who say they’ve been abducted by aliens. I told one such individual to give his blood and DNA to a scientist if he wanted, but to be aware that the ultimate ‘customer’ was probably the government. I even joked that if he didn’t want to give his DNA, he should be very careful about accepting a coffee and then leaving the cup behind!’

There are 1,400 billionaires in the world - 7 Real-Life Ways to Become a Billionaire - Becoming a billionaire seems like a great goal, but unfortunately it's only a dream for most of us. The thing is, many billionaires didn't start out as such. Some certainly had economic and educational advantages, but even without those, their smart decisions and business choices, plus a few key characteristics, led them to their billions. So, what can we learn about our own real-life options for becoming billionaires? First things first: find a way to make money. Four of the most often used methods of money making in the world of billionaires are: inventing, investing, innovating and being an entrepreneur. But remember that how you pursue your billions is just as important as what you do to get them. Do: Invent Inventing is a tough career path to take. But if you've got the smarts to successfully create, patent, produce and market a product that people need (and thus, will buy in droves), you can build your future billionaire life on it. Successful inventions aren't necessarily complicated or high-tech items but can be improvements on existing items. For example, James Dyson invented a better vacuum cleaner, and Gianfranco Zaccai invented a better mop, the Swiffer. Do: Innovate Innovation is the fine art of considering a current mainstream market and finding a creative way to improve the current offering. Successful innovators will identify the real needs behind customer demands, and will meet them with a smarter, better, more efficient product, or with a service that provides more than its competitors. Others may develop a business that works in a way just different enough to stand out from the rest. IKEA founder Ingvar Kamprad is a great example of someone who used innovation to yield billions. Furniture doesn't seem like a very exciting market, but his approach of providing modular, economical pieces with a modern flair from Sweden and other European designers and manufacturers to a global market proved fruitful. Don't: Think You Know It All The moment you think you have nothing left to learn is the moment you kill your potential for becoming a billionaire. Especially if you're interested in building your wealth through inventing or innovating, you have to be curious, open-minded and always learning. Those qualities allow you to look at old things in a new way, to see the potential for change and profit where others see only what already had been done. Do: Invest Self-made billionaire Warren Buffett is famous for his frugal ways and for his smart investments. Investing, of course, requires a little seed money and some accurate insight into which investments are smart and which are a waste of money. If you can follow in the footsteps of billionaire investors like Buffett, then this might be the route for you. Don't: Make Flashy Investments The latest and greatest investment opportunity may be fun to talk about, but one of the pitfalls of would-be billionaires is to jump in on the "next big thing," which doesn't always turn out to be so big. Investors who make billions from their investments avoid flashy, fun and high-risk picks and instead choose those with long-term potential to provide great returns. Real estate, energy, steel, telecommunications, pharmaceuticals and energy are among the picks, while high-tech and intriguing but risky options may go either way. Do: Be an Entrepreneur The third option for becoming a billionaire is in the time-honored tradition of entrepreneurial pursuits. Starting a business and taking it to success isn't always easy, but for those with good business sense and the ability to spot start-ups that have potential to be great, entrepreneurship can be the vehicle to great wealth. Billionaire entrepreneurs might work in one of two ways: either by coming up with a great idea and taking it all the way, as in the case of Bill Gates and Microsoft, or by spotting someone else's good idea and investing in it early on. Both are viable ways to reach success that can get you billions of dollars when it comes to your own net worth. Don't: Quit Too Soon Entrepreneurial types who succeed realize that success rarely comes overnight. One business idea might not pay off, but the next might. It's not easy to build something from scratch, especially when your something is a fortune of billions. Time is on your side, if you don't rush it. The Bottom Line Of course, luck has something to do with success. It helps to be in the right place at the right time. However, if you don't know what to do when you're there, luck won't help you out much. Smart choices, smart investments and long-term learning and growing will. #Money #Lifestyle #Wealth

Benjamin Franklin (January 17, 1706 – April 17, 1790) was an American polymath and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Franklin was a leading author, printer, political theorist, politician, freemason, postmaster, scientist, inventor, humorist, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat. As a scientist, he was a major figure in the American Enlightenment and the history of physics for his discoveries and theories regarding electricity. As an inventor, he is known for the lightning rod, bifocals, and the Franklin stove, among other inventions. He founded many civic organizations, including the Library Company, Philadelphia's first fire department and the University of Pennsylvania. Franklin earned the title of "The First American" for his early and indefatigable campaigning for colonial unity, initially as an author and spokesman in London for several colonies. As the first United States Ambassador to France, he exemplified the emerging American nation.[5] Franklin was foundational in defining the American ethos as a marriage of the practical values of thrift, hard work, education, community spirit, self-governing institutions, and opposition to authoritarianism both political and religious, with the scientific and tolerant values of the Enlightenment. In the words of historian Henry Steele Commager, "In a Franklin could be merged the virtues of Puritanism without its defects, the illumination of the Enlightenment without its heat."[6] To Walter Isaacson, this makes Franklin "the most accomplished American of his age and the most influential in inventing the type of society America would become." Franklin became a successful newspaper editor and printer in Philadelphia, the leading city in the colonies, publishing the Pennsylvania Gazette at the age of 23.[8] He became wealthy publishing this and Poor Richard's Almanack, which he authored under the pseudonym "Richard Saunders". After 1767, he was associated with the Pennsylvania Chronicle, a newspaper that was known for its revolutionary sentiments and criticisms of British policies. He pioneered and was first president of Academy and College of Philadelphia which opened in 1751 and later became the University of Pennsylvania. He organized and was the first secretary of the American Philosophical Society and was elected president in 1769. Franklin became a national hero in America as an agent for several colonies when he spearheaded an effort in London to have the Parliament of Great Britain repeal the unpopular Stamp Act. An accomplished diplomat, he was widely admired among the French as American minister to Paris and was a major figure in the development of positive Franco-American relations. His efforts proved vital for the American Revolution in securing shipments of crucial munitions from France. He was promoted to deputy postmaster-general for the British colonies in 1753, having been Philadelphia postmaster for many years, and this enabled him to set up the first national communications network. During the revolution, he became the first United States Postmaster General. He was active in community affairs and colonial and state politics, as well as national and international affairs. From 1785 to 1788, he served as governor of Pennsylvania. He initially owned and dealt in slaves but, by the 1750s, he argued against slavery from an economic perspective and became one of the most prominent abolitionists. His colorful life and legacy of scientific and political achievement, and his status as one of America's most influential Founding Fathers, have seen Franklin honored more than two centuries after his death on coinage and the $100 bill, warships, and the names of many towns, counties, educational institutions, and corporations, as well as countless cultural references.

Why Is the Sky Blue? The Short Answer: Sunlight reaches Earth's atmosphere and is scattered in all directions by all the gases and particles in the air. Blue light is scattered more than the other colors because it travels as shorter, smaller waves. This is why we see a blue sky most of the time. The light from the sun looks white. But it is really made up of all the colors of the rainbow. Like energy passing through the ocean, light energy travels in waves, too. Some light travels in short, "choppy" waves. Other light travels in long, lazy waves. Blue light waves are shorter than red light waves. Different colors of light have different wavelengths. All light travels in a straight line unless something gets in the way and does one of these things:— reflect it (like a mirror) bend it (like a prism) or scatter it (like molecules of the gases in the atmosphere) Sunlight reaches Earth's atmosphere and is scattered in all directions by all the gases and particles in the air. Blue light is scattered in all directions by the tiny molecules of air in Earth's atmosphere. Blue is scattered more than other colors because it travels as shorter, smaller waves. This is why we see a blue sky most of the time. Atmosphere scatters blue light more than other colors. Closer to the horizon, the sky fades to a lighter blue or white. The sunlight reaching us from low in the sky has passed through even more air than the sunlight reaching us from overhead. As the sunlight has passed through all this air, the air molecules have scattered and rescattered the blue light many times in many directions. Atmosphere scatters blue light more than other colors Also, the surface of Earth has reflected and scattered the light. All this scattering mixes the colors together again so we see more white and less blue. What makes a red sunset? As the sun gets lower in the sky, its light is passing through more of the atmosphere to reach you. Even more of the blue light is scattered, allowing the reds and yellows to pass straight through to your eyes. Music: There She Is by Dhruva Aliman Amazon- https://amzn.to/3eLFy0P https://music.apple.com/us/artist/dhruva-aliman/363563637 https://dhruvaaliman.bandcamp.com/album/hello-moon http://www.dhruvaaliman.com/ Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/artist/5XiFCr9iBKE6Cupltgnlet #Blue #Interesting #Science

First new shade of blue discovered for 200 years to be turned into Crayola crayon - 'YInMn Blue' - Children will be able to color the sky a different shade for first time in 200 years, after scientists created a vivid ‘new blue’ and Crayola announced it is turning it into a crayon. In 2009 Oregon State University made the serendipitous discovery of an entirely new color while heating chemicals in a laboratory oven. The bright blue shade was the first new blue pigment to be created since the French chemist Louis Jacques Thenard discovered cobalt blue in 1802. Now children will be able to get their hands on the new shade by the end of the year, after Crayola announced it is turning the pigment into a new crayon, to replace ‘dandelion’ - a yellow shade which is being retired. The new colour was discovered by accident by Mas Subramanian , a professor of materials science at Oregon State, who was working with students to manufacture new materials which could be used in electronics. But when he heated Yttrium oxide, Indium oxide and a bit of Manganese oxide and pulled the mixture out of the furnace he discovered it had turned a vibrant blue, which he catchily dubbed 'YInMn blue' in reference to its chemical composition. Prof Subramanium said it was ‘truly an honour’ that his pigment was being turned into a new crayon. “This was a serendipitous discovery, a happy accident,” said Prof Subramanian . “But in fact many breakthrough discoveries in science happen when one is not looking for it. Most pigments are discovered by chance. “Blue is associated with open spaces, freedom, intuition, imagination, expressiveness, inspiration and sensitivity. “We could not imagine a better partner than Crayola, a brand synonymous with colour and creativity to help us share this discovery with the world.” The new colour is so vibrant because the chemicals bind in a unique structure which completely absorbs red and green wave-lenghs of light, so only blue is reflected. The compounds are also very stable, so the shade will not fade and it is non-toxic. And companies are interested in using if for energy efficiency as it can bounce away the ultraviolet waves of the Sun, and potentially help keep buildings cooler. Crayola is inviting children to help name the new colour, a competition which will close on June 2 and the new shade will be announced in September. “We are a company all about kids, creativity and colour, so we strive to keep our colour palette innovative and on trend, which is why we’re excited to introduce a new blue crayon colour inspired by the YInMn pigment, “ said Smith Holland CEO and president of Crayola. “The new blue crayon will help Crayola to continue to inspire kids and kids at heart to create everything imaginable.” Music: Twilight Streets by Dhruva Aliman Amazon - https://amzn.to/2B9tGa7 https://music.apple.com/us/artist/dhruva-aliman/363563637 https://dhruvaaliman.bandcamp.com/album/road-of-fortunes http://www.dhruvaaliman.com/ Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/artist/5XiFCr9iBKE6Cupltgnlet #Color #Blue #Discovery

Top 5 myths about sugar consumption not be based on scientific evidence. Myth #1 – Sugar Is Addictive - Researchers have been studying the effects of sugar on our bodies for decades. But, as recent as November 2016, scientists in Europe found little scientific evidence to point to sugar as an addictive substance. The human body experiences a “primal” need for sugar, as it’s used by the body for fuel. Of course, she points out, the type of sugar that fuels the body is glucose, manufactured by our cells from the foods we eat, especially carbohydrates. We’re wired to want fuel for our bodies to avoid starvation, as our ancestors faced when food supplies ran low. Today, that means if we have a higher intake of carbohydrates, our body will crave more and more. Our brains, especially, run on glucose. So, receptors there light up when we eat sugar in preparation for the additional fuel. But, unlike how the brain reacts to controlled substances, withdrawal symptoms from lack of sugar have not been documented. Furthermore, a study published in July 2017 in the journal Appetite concluded that little evidence exists to indicate that sugary foods lead to food dependency. Myth #2 – All Sugar Is Bad All sugars are sugar. They have the same effect on our bodies. But, refined sugar and natural sugar have some differences. Refined sugar, like the white and brown sugar we add to baked goods, is just sugar. It has been processed and stripped of other important nutrients. Raw sugar is less processed, as are natural sweeteners, such as honey, and therefore offer our bodies some nutrients in addition to just sugar. So, these are better choices for sweeteners. But, the least villainous types of sugar are those found naturally in whole fruits, milk and complex carbohydrates. These naturally-occurring sugars are packaged with vitamins, minerals and fiber that our bodies can use to manufacture glucose and to aid in other bodily functions. Myth #3 – Sugar Makes Kids Hyperactive Who doesn’t remember their parents citing hyperactivity as a reason for not allowing candy, dessert or soda? The science supporting these claims is, so far, inconclusive. Some studies have shown that sugar causes some people – adults and children alike – to enter a hypoglycemic state, producing too much insulin and prompting the release of adrenaline and other hormones to bring the body back into its normal state. This also accounts for the subsequent “sugar crash” as blood sugar returns to normal. Myth #4 – Too Much Sugar Causes Diabetes Sugar doesn’t directly cause diabetes, but, when additional calories, which can come from sugar, are consumed and not burned, they may be stored as fat. That accumulation of fat, she says, contributes to obesity, which is a risk factor in the development of type 2 diabetes. Genetics and lifestyle are the two biggest predictors of diabetes. If you’re genetically predisposed to diabetes or lead an unhealthy lifestyle, including being overweight, not exercising or smoking, your chance of developing diabetes increases. For patients who fall into these increased risk categories, doctors recommend a healthy exercise and eating regimen, including limiting refined sugars. Myth #5 – Artificial Sweeteners Are Better Than Sugar That’s because artificial sweeteners, often contain chemicals, such as saccharin or aspartame, which have been studied for their effects on the body. Some studies have been conducted to test whether these substances may be habit-forming or addictive, can alter taste to make less-sweet foods undesirable, increase inflammation in the body, as reported by the Arthritis Foundation, and change our digestive tract, impacting some beneficial bacteria. If it’s a plant, eat it; if it was made in a plant, don’t. Overall, don’t fall victim to general advice to avoid naturally occurring sugar, as found in fruits, vegetables and complex carbohydrates, such as whole grains. By doing this, you deprive your body of its natural fuel source and other healthy nutrients. You may even wind up replacing it with refined sugar or artificial sweeteners. Sugar isn’t necessarily a bad guy. We just need to watch how much we consume, so that we don’t overdo it. Music: Uncle Festus by Dhruva Aliman Amazon- https://amzn.to/2Mgr7pg https://music.apple.com/us/artist/dhruva-aliman/363563637 https://dhruvaaliman.bandcamp.com/album/the-wolf-and-the-river http://www.dhruvaaliman.com/ Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/artist/5XiFCr9iBKE6Cupltgnlet #Diet #Sweets #Sugar

Many traditional elements of Christmas pre-date Christianity. In other words, Christmas was pagan before it was adopted (and renamed) by Christians. The Catholic Encyclopedia of 1908 states that "Christmas was not among the earliest festivals of the Church. Irenaeus and Tertullian omit it from their lists of feasts" - those authors lived into the 3rd century. The CE article concludes that when later Christians adopted the date of the 25th of December for Jesus' birth, "the abundance of analogous midwinter festivals may indefinitely have helped the choice of the December date, the same instinct which set Natalis Invicti at the winter solstice will have sufficed, apart from deliberate adaptation or curious calculation, to set the Christian feast there too". Prof. Hutton, a respected and careful primary-sources historian, mentions Christmas in his valuable book on the history of modern Paganism. How December 25 did officially became the world important most grandeur festive day in the calendar? We all know that Christmas is being observed around the world and generally commemorating the birth of Jesus Christ among Christian communities. The word Christmas is from the old English “Crīstesmæsse”, the pre historic Christian churches referred the meaning to “Christ’s Mass” the Eucharistic feast celebration of Christ birthday. The Birth of Christ Although the year of Jesus Christ birth date was estimated by most modern theology scientists and historians somewhere between 7 and 2BC, the debate continues about the exact month and day of Jesus birth. Dionysius Exiguus, a Scythian monk has determined the year of Jesus birth through his own calculation using the foundation of city of Rome “ab urbe condita” thus 1 AUC signifies the birth year of Rome. Dionysius counted the reign of Roman Emperor Augustus to Emperor Tiberius and in the New Testament, the Gospel of Luke 3:1,23, indicates the 15th year of Tiberius reign where Jesus turned 30 years old. Jesus lived 15 years under Augustus in his 28th year of reign as a Roman Emperor. Dionysius concluded that the Christ was born 754 AUC the year Augustus reign started. However, the Gospel of Luke 1:5 placed Jesus birth under Herod and Herod died in 754 AUC, for this reason why most modern biblical scholars discredit Dionysius calculation. How Did Christmas Day End Up In December 25th? Did you know that earlier before Christmas date was established, the ancient Roman feast of Saturnalia called “temple of Saturn“, was first introduced by Roman Pagans. It is an ancient Roman festival, a celebration of Cruelty, lawlessness, adulterous, brutal violence and human sacrifices from 17th to 23th of December. The Roman court is closed in the whole festive season and its early law’s allows anyone to injure any people and damage properties without getting any punishment from the Roman authorities. The Roman Pagans started the Saturnalia festival from dragging the prisoner or the “the enemy of the Roman people” to the center court on the first feast day to represent the “Lord of Misuse”. Every Pagan community choose a victim within their community and forced them to indulge into sexual pleasures and eat festive foods before brutally sacrificing them on the 23th of December as the final festival day concluded. Other regions in the Roman Empire continued the secular celebration in festive atmosphere ’till the end of month of December every year, long after it was officially removed from the official calendar. But this ancient festival has left traces and found numerous signs of medieval and modern customs in occurrence at the time of winter solstice. Some of the practices such as gift-giving and festive food banquet were carried out in the modern age and adopted later in Christmas customs. From 4th Century CE history, early Western Christians Church adopted and brought the Saturnalia festival into other regions of pagan masses, converted them to Christian faith with the promised to continue the Saturnalia Festival as Christians. Although the early Christian church leaders described Saturnalia Feast as unbiblical and contradict the fundamental belief of Christians at that time, the Christian Leaders managed to changed the pagans cultures by naming the 25th day to be Jesus Christ’s birth day. How did the Twelve Days of Christmas Start? Other Christian churches celebrate Christmas every 25th of December using the Julian calendar which the festive currently correspond to January 7 in Gregorian calendar, that is the day after the feast of Epiphany concluded. From the Council of Tour of 567, the Christian church declared the 12 days of Christmas as the unifying period of Christmas festival season “Christmastide“, giving the essential importance of Christmas Days between the feast of Christmas and the feast of Epiphany.

Meet Boston Dynamics' family of strange and amazing robots - This clan of robot keeps growing and growing. The Boston Dynamics family of robots, including Atlas and Spot With some human-like and animal-like traits, the Boston Dynamics robots are a little creepy and a little cool. Boston Dynamics is a fascinating company best known for periodically releasing videos of robot prototypes of all shapes and sizes. The robots are always impressively engineered, and sometimes a little creepy. The creepiness is not by design; it’s an unintended side effect of robots that imitate human and animal movements. This makes them seem familiar and alien at the same time — half-biological and half-machine. The robot maker is a subsidiary of search giant Google, but the company began in 1992 as a spinoff from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), allowing robotics experts to continue their work on animal-like robots outside of academia. Their goal is not only to create innovative machines, but also to have them work outside of a lab, which is why in many videos you’ll see robots facing harsh conditions that would defeat most other robots, including being pushed and kicked by Boston Dynamics employees! For example, Boston Dynamics recently released the video above showing the latest version of Atlas performing some parkour tricks. Atlas, a bipedal humanoid robot about 6 feet tall and weighing around 180 pounds, operates indoors and out. It’s designed to assist emergency responders in search-and-rescue operations, performing tasks such as shutting off valves, opening doors and operating powered equipment in environments where humans cannot survive. The U.S. Department of Defense, which provides funding for Atlas, said that it had no interest in using it for offensive or defensive tasks. Music: Star of the Conqueror (Robo Diablo Mix) by Dhruva Aliman Amazon- https://amzn.to/3eAjEgC https://music.apple.com/us/artist/dhruva-aliman/363563637 https://dhruvaaliman.bandcamp.com/album/what-must-be http://www.dhruvaaliman.com/ Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/artist/5XiFCr9iBKE6Cupltgnlet

SEE MORE EPIC WIN HERE - https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLMoEmUBElyzjUmAWcQBOrtB-GogfasRsy ALL CREDITS ARE LISTED BELOW... Music: “Hello Moon” by Dhruva Aliman http://dhruvaaliman.bandcamp.com/album/hello-moon http://www.dhruvaaliman.com/ Video Clips from the following, IN ORDER-- GoPro_ To Climb An Iceberg in 4K GoPro_ Wingsuit Air Balloon Jump GoPro_ Open Air Glider 75m Rodeo Slackline 08-04-2010 RAD Rodeoline-surfing with Dave! SLACKATTACK.ch STREET WORKOUT WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP 2014 [HD] USMC Silent Drill Platoon 4-11-2011 GoPro_ H1 Unlimited Hydroplanes GoPro_ Afterglow - Night Skiing Epic Smoke Trick! More on vine at _pandeezy Smoke rings by Ram Malichy @RamMalichy on Vine Amazing 3D Skull Drawing by Dave Buchanan! Amazing Trick To Wash Trucks Music End Credits: Slave and Rose by Dhruva Aliman https://dhruvaaliman.bandcamp.com/album/the-wolf-and-the-river http://www.dhruvaaliman.com/