Seeker Land

The Dutch colonial empire (Dutch: Nederlandse koloniale rijk) comprised the overseas territories and trading posts controlled and administered by Dutch chartered companies—mainly the Dutch East India Company and the Dutch West India Company—and subsequently by the Dutch Republic (1581–1795), and by the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands after 1815. It was initially a trade-based system which derived most of its influence from merchant enterprise and from Dutch control of international maritime shipping routes through strategically placed outposts, rather than from expansive territorial ventures. The Dutch were among the earliest empire-builders of Europe, following Spain and Portugal and one of the wealthiest nations of that time. With a few notable exceptions, the majority of the Dutch colonial empire's overseas holdings consisted of coastal forts, factories, and port settlements with varying degrees of incorporation of their hinterlands and surrounding regions.Dutch chartered companies often dictated that their possessions be kept as confined as possible in order to avoid unnecessary expense, and while some such as the Dutch Cape Colony and Dutch East Indies expanded anyway (due to the pressure of independent-minded Dutch colonists), others remained undeveloped, isolated trading centers dependent on an indigenous host-nation. This reflected the primary purpose of the Dutch colonial empire: commercial exchange as opposed to sovereignty over homogeneous landmasses. The imperial ambitions of the Dutch were bolstered by the strength of their existing shipping industry, as well as the key role they played in the expansion of maritime trade between Europe and the Orient. Because small European trading-companies often lacked the capital or the manpower for large-scale operations, the States General chartered larger organizations—the Dutch West India Company and the Dutch East India Company—in the early seventeenth century. These were considered the largest and most extensive maritime trading companies at the time, and once held a virtual monopoly on strategic European shipping-routes westward through the Southern Hemisphere around South America through the Strait of Magellan, and eastward around Africa, past the Cape of Good Hope. The companies' domination of global commerce contributed greatly to a commercial revolution and a cultural flowering in the Netherlands of the 17th century, known as the Dutch Golden Age. In their search for new trade passages between Asia and Europe, Dutch navigators explored and charted distant regions such as Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania, and parts of the eastern coast of North America.[6] During the period of proto-industrialization, the empire received 50% of textiles and 80% of silks import from the India's Mughal Empire, chiefly from its most developed region known as Bengal Subah. In the 18th century, the Dutch colonial empire began to decline as a result of the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War of 1780–1784, in which the Dutch Republic lost a number of its colonial possessions and trade monopolies to the British Empire, along with the conquest of the Mughal Bengal at the Battle of Plassey by the British East India Company. Nevertheless, major portions of the empire survived until the advent of global decolonization following World War II, namely the East Indies and Dutch Guiana. Three former colonial territories in the West Indies islands around the Caribbean Sea—Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten—remain as constituent countries represented within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. #history #interestingfacts #documentary

THE FUTURE OF URBAN LIVING - A cognitive city stretching across 170 kilometers, from the epic mountains of NEOM across inspirational desert valleys to the beautiful Red Sea. A mirrored architectural masterpiece towering 500 meters above sea level, but a land-saving 200 meters wide. THE LINE redefines the concept of urban development and what cities of the future will look like. A civilizational revolution, its unparalleled livability can be explored at THE LINE Exhibition – now welcoming visitors in Riyadh. No roads, cars or emissions, it will run on 100% renewable energy and 95% of land will be preserved for nature. People's health and wellbeing will be prioritized over transportation and infrastructure, unlike traditional cities. THE LINE will eventually accommodate 9 million people and will be built on a footprint of just 34 square kilometers. This will mean a reduced infrastructure footprint, creating never-before-seen efficiencies in city functions. The ideal climate all-year-round will ensure that residents can enjoy the surrounding nature. Residents will also have access to all daily essentials within a five-minute walk, in addition to high-speed rail – with an end-to-end transit of 20 minutes. "THE LINE will tackle the challenges facing humanity in urban life today and will shine a light on alternative ways to live. We cannot ignore the livability and environmental crises facing our world’s cities, and NEOM is at the forefront of delivering new and imaginative solutions to address these issues. NEOM is leading a team of the brightest minds in architecture, engineering and construction to make the idea of building upwards a reality." His Royal Highness Mohammed bin Salman, Crown Prince and Chairman of the NEOM Company Board of Directors Music: Jujitsu Flow by Dhruva Aliman - Amazon - https://amzn.to/2B9tGa7 - Apple - https://music.apple.com/us/artist/dhruva-aliman/363563637- Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/artist/5XiFCr9iBKE6Cupltgnlet - Bandcamp - https://dhruvaaliman.bandcamp.com/album/road-of-fortunes - http://www.dhruvaaliman.com/ - https://www.instagram.com/dhruvaaliman/ #design #architecture #engineering

Buy On Amazon - https://www.amazon.com/s?k=flextail+mosquito+repellent&crid=19NDO9ICO2FV4&sprefix=flextail%2Caps%2C521&linkCode=ll2&tag=seekerland07-20&linkId=809af923f03f93a52a7b2e6031f52b08&language=en_US&ref_=as_li_ss_tl - FLEXTAIL TINY REPEL creates a 30-foot zone of protection against mosquitoes. Ideal for backpackers, campers, hunters, and other outdoors people. You can insert mats into both sides of the device, and also use only one side to insert mat based on your needs. In order to cope with different environments and needs, TINY REPEL has two modes ---Camp Mode and Outdoor Mode. To activate TINY REPEL, double press to enter the camp mode, and the indicator light turns green. Press again to enter the outdoor mode, and the indicator light turns red. Press the power button again to turn off TINY REPEL. Camp mode creates 10-foot zone protection for 10 hours, while outdoor mode creates 30-foot zone protection for 7 hours. Portable To Take And Flexible To Use Flextail mosquito repellent is ultralight and easy to carry with only 148g (5.2 oz). It can be set to anywhere by using a built-in magnet, metal handle, or being mounted to a tripod. The built-in magnet has a strong force, which allows your TINY REPEL can be strongly attracted by iron, steel, nickel, and other ferromagnetic material. Ultra Bright Camping Lantern FLEXTAIL TINY REPEL Stepless dimming better meets different brightness needs. 400 lumens full brightness can continuously last up to 9 hours, if you do not need it that bright, dim it down to 50 lumens for 50 hours! The camping light can be used alone or with mosquito repellent. IPX5 Waterproof & Drop Proof IPX5 waterproof and durable material to survive a drop of 1.2 m height from the concrete floor. High-Efficiency Power Bank FLEXTAIL TINY REPEL can be used as a power bank to charge your mobile device whenever you need a quick battery boost. Hang it on your backpack, carry it anywhere, and say bye to your “low battery anxiety”. Repels Mosquitoes/Flies/Midges Always be prepared by keeping extra mats and our 3-In-1 Tiny Repel in your tent, backpack, RV, or tackle box whenever you need them. With 10-30 foot zone protection, you can camp, hike, hunt, garden, or simply sit on the patio without worrying about mosquitoes or pesky flies or midges (Does not repel bees/wasps/spiders). Our experimental testing shows that our mosquito repellent mats have an optimal mosquito repellent time of 10 hours on windless days. Dimensions (L x W x H) 1.38 x 0.87 x 0.11 Inches. All mosquito repellant mats that meet this size will fit our Tiny Repel. Music: Spirit Must Train by Dhruva Aliman - Amazon - https://amzn.to/2B9tGa7 - Apple - https://music.apple.com/us/artist/dhruva-aliman/363563637- Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/artist/5XiFCr9iBKE6Cupltgnlet - Bandcamp - https://dhruvaaliman.bandcamp.com/album/road-of-fortunes - http://www.dhruvaaliman.com/ - https://www.instagram.com/dhruvaaliman/ #outdoors #camping #tech

ALL CREDITS ARE LISTED BELOW - Music: SOS by Dhruva Aliman - Amazon- https://amzn.to/3eAjEgC - https://music.apple.com/us/artist/dhruva-aliman/363563637 - https://dhruvaaliman.bandcamp.com/album/what-must-be - http://www.dhruvaaliman.com/ - Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/artist/5XiFCr9iBKE6Cupltgnlet Video Clips from the following, IN ORDER-- Scaredy Cat Gets Faked Out! LAFD Technical Rescue, Dog Plucked from L.A. River resgate do golfinho preso por uma sacola de plastico Raw video_ Leopard attacking villagers in India in Maharashtra Leopard strays into Maharashtra village, attacks locals World's First Wingsuit BASE Jumping Dog GoPro_ Fireman Saves Kitten GoPro_ Pelican Learns To Fly Couple's Amazing Close Encounter with Surfing Killer Whales in Boat Wake Great White Shark Attacks Inflatable Boat! (Exclusive Video) Wellesley Police Web News Update_ Dog Rescued From Icy Charles River Lifeguard Dog Saves Puppy Goat attacks People on the Street WATCH_ CCTV Captures Footage Of Ox Rampaging Through Rio Hospital Flying Cat Kick! GoPro_ Lost in Jellyfish Lake Freediving Jellyfish Lake with my GoPro @ Palau HD Hannah Mermaid swims with Whale Sharks Hannah Mermaid swims with Sharks at Shipwreck Real Mermaid Swims with Marine Life (from 'Tears of a Mermaid') EXTREME SHEEP FREAKING HILARIOUS!! (Original Upload) #animals #compilation #pets

ALL CREDITS ARE LISTED BELOW - Track 1: Space Camper - Track 2: Dream Walking (Emerald Mix) by Dhruva Aliman - Amazon- https://amzn.to/3eAjEgC - Apple - https://music.apple.com/us/artist/dhruva-aliman/363563637 - Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/artist/5XiFCr9iBKE6Cupltgnlet - Bandcamp - https://dhruvaaliman.bandcamp.com/album/what-must-be - http://www.dhruvaaliman.com/ https://www.instagram.com/dhruvaaliman/?hl=en Video Clips IN ORDER-- That moment You realize there will be blood Angry ram attacks motorcyclist - Original - As seen on CNN world news Furious Hawks Everywhere Swoop Down on RC plane GWS Tiger Moth Hawk Chases, Attacks, Crashes GWS Pico Moth, Formosa, HobbyKing P-51D Mustang Eagle Attacks Rc Glider At Alice Springs Nasty CROW strikes Speedo slope rc plane.avi Extreme flying skills shot about Bird attack RC Plane _crash Bird Chases Boy Down must see bird attacks tiger Bird Pushes off Poor Turtle (Original Full Video) Man catches flying seabird with his hand Bird gets hit by Baseball (Randy Johnson) Best Quality A Murder Of Crows On Pillsbury Ave Minneapolis Car crashes into humping cows Корова и бык на дороге ระทึกในประเทศ นาทีชีวิต! จระเข้งับหัวครูฝึกสะบัดอย่างแรง (Crocodile bites trainer during show) Girl Puts Her Head Inside Crocodiles Mouth! Shamu Trainer Fail Cheetahs behavior - what cheetahs are supposed to do when rain Notch Coalition of Big Male Lions under the rain - Masai Mara - Near Matira Bush Camp 아누비스 개코원숭이 ( Anubis Baboon In The Rain ) Snow Monkey ~ in the Rain _ 地獄谷野猿公苑 The rain dance dog Dog vs Raindrops Gorillas in the Rain Clever Monkey save himself from Rain in Jungle like a Human - Lions Fighting To Death Chovendo Aranhas BIG Bats Сute or ugly? Holding a Fruit Bat (and monkey stollen my Coca-Cola!) World's Weirdest - Flying Foxes Congress Bats Austin TX 7-2-2011 Amazing Flying Fox Bats Matilda the Cow Dog Hates the Rain Whales almost eat Divers (Original Version) End Credits Music: Slave and Rose by Dhruva Aliman

Moon landing conspiracy theories claim that some or all elements of the Apollo program and the associated Moon landings were hoaxes staged by NASA, possibly with the aid of other organizations. The most notable claim is that the six crewed landings (1969–1972) were faked and that twelve Apollo astronauts did not actually walk on the Moon. Various groups and individuals have made claims since the mid-1970s that NASA and others knowingly misled the public into believing the landings happened, by manufacturing, tampering with, or destroying evidence including photos, telemetry tapes, radio and TV transmissions, and Moon rock samples. Much third-party evidence for the landings exists, and detailed rebuttals to the hoax claims have been made. Since the late 2000s, high-definition photos taken by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) of the Apollo landing sites have captured the Lunar Module descent stages and the tracks left by the astronauts. In 2012, images were released showing five of the six Apollo missions' American flags erected on the Moon still standing. The exception is that of Apollo 11, which has lain on the lunar surface since being blown over by the Lunar Module Ascent Propulsion System. Despite the fact that they are demonstrably false and universally regarded as pseudoscience, these conspiracy theories have held public interest for more than 40 years. Opinion polls taken in various locations have shown that between 6% and 20% of Americans, 25% of Britons, and 28% of Russians surveyed believe that the crewed landings were faked. Even as late as 2001, the Fox television network documentary Conspiracy Theory: Did We Land on the Moon? claimed NASA faked the first landing in 1969 to win the Space Race. An early and influential book about the subject of a Moon-landing conspiracy, We Never Went to the Moon: America's Thirty Billion Dollar Swindle, was self-published in 1976 by Bill Kaysing, a former US Navy officer with a Bachelor of Arts in English. Despite having no knowledge of rockets or technical writing, Kaysing was hired as a senior technical writer in 1956 by Rocketdyne, the company that built the F-1 engines used on the Saturn V rocket. He served as head of the technical publications unit at the company's Propulsion Field Laboratory until 1963. The many allegations in Kaysing's book effectively began discussion of the Moon landings being faked. The book claims that the chance of a successful crewed landing on the Moon was calculated to be 0.0017%, and that despite close monitoring by the USSR, it would have been easier for NASA to fake the Moon landings than to really go there. In 1980, the Flat Earth Society accused NASA of faking the landings, arguing that they were staged by Hollywood with Walt Disney sponsorship, based on a script by Arthur C. Clarke and directed by Stanley Kubrick. Folklorist Linda Dégh suggests that writer-director Peter Hyams' film Capricorn One (1978), which shows a hoaxed journey to Mars in a spacecraft that looks identical to the Apollo craft, might have given a boost to the hoax theory's popularity in the post-Vietnam War era. Dégh sees a parallel with other attitudes during the post-Watergate era, when the American public were inclined to distrust official accounts. Dégh writes: "The mass media catapult these half-truths into a kind of twilight zone where people can make their guesses sound as truths. Mass media have a terrible impact on people who lack guidance." In A Man on the Moon, first published in 1994, Andrew Chaikin mentions that at the time of Apollo 8's lunar-orbit mission in December 1968, similar conspiracy ideas were already in circulation. #conspiracy #interstingfacts #mystery

ALL CREDITS ARE LISTED BELOW...WITH LINKS - Music Tracks 1: Bank Job - 2: Uncle Festus - 3: Spirit Valley by Dhruva Aliman - Amazon - https://amzn.to/3poi0WV - Apple - https://music.apple.com/us/artist/dhruva-aliman/363563637 - Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/artist/5XiFCr9iBKE6Cupltgnlet - Bandcamp - https://dhruvaaliman.bandcamp.com/album/road-of-fortunes - Website - http://www.dhruvaaliman.com/ Video Clips from the following, IN ORDER-- Cachorrinho brinquedo de corda ' _ cachorro beyblade Hamster Is Watching You This goat hates children Meanwhile in Australia .. Almost bitten by deadly snake! Man attacked by a Stag A guy being kicked by a stallion Rodeo Bull Attack in Slo-Mo - Bull sets sight on Photographer! Жесткое ДТП в Жлобине Motorcycle driver collides with bear on a highway Killer whale goes crazy GoPro_ Whale Fantasia GoPro_ DeepFlight Submersible - Searching for Whale Song GoPro_ Lion Hug Pedestrian Horse A dog is stuck inside because the invisible door is closed Bear Opening Truck Door (twice) Bearjacked Bear Opens Car Door Mariska A.K.A. Houdini My horse unlocks her door! Stuck Chihuahua Escapes Sobre Anacondas - Parte 1 Seagull stole GoPro perro entra leña en Puerto Montt #animals #pets #adventure

India lands a spacecraft near the moon’s south pole, a first for the world as it joins elite club. India became the first country to land a spacecraft near the moon’s south pole on Wednesday — a historic voyage to uncharted territory that scientists believe could hold vital reserves of frozen water, and a technological triumph for the world’s most populous nation. After a failed attempt to land on the moon in 2019, India now joins the United States, the Soviet Union and China as only the fourth country to achieve this milestone. A lander with a rover inside touched down on the lunar surface at 6:04 p.m. local time, sparking celebrations across India, including in the southern Indian city of Bengaluru, where space scientists watching the landing erupted in cheers and applause. The successful mission showcases India’s rising standing as a technology and space powerhouse and dovetails with the image that Prime Minister Narendra Modi is trying to project: an ascendant country asserting its place among the global elite. “India is now on the moon. India has reached the south pole of the moon — no other country has achieved that. We are witnessing history,” Modi said as he waved the Indian tri-colored flag while watching the landing from South Africa, where he is participating in the BRICS nations summit. The lunar rover will slide down a flap from the lander within hours or a day and conduct experiments, including an analysis of the mineral composition of the lunar surface, said S. Somnath, chairman of the state-run Indian Space Research Organization. The mission, which began more than a month ago at an estimated cost of $75 million, is expected to last another two weeks. Somnath said that India would next attempt a manned lunar mission. Nuclear-armed India grew to become the world’s fifth-largest economy last year, and the success of the lunar mission will likely help Modi’s popularity ahead of a crucial general election next year. India’s success comes just days after Russia’s Luna-25, which was aiming for the same lunar region, spun into an uncontrolled orbit and crashed. It would have been the first successful Russian lunar landing after a gap of 47 years. Russia’s head of the state-controlled space corporation Roscosmos attributed the failure to the lack of expertise due to the long break in lunar research that followed the last Soviet mission to the moon in 1976. Modi’s efforts to revitalize India’s global standing — and to finally shake off the legacy of British colonialization — has resonated with many Indians. The moon landing was seen by many as further proof that their country is a rising, modern superpower. Excited and anxious people across India crowded around televisions in offices, shops, restaurants and homes. Thousands prayed Tuesday for the success of the mission with oil lamps on the river banks, temples and religious places, including the holy city of Varanasi in northern India. s the lander approached the lunar surface, dozens of people in a government-run planetarium started praying with folded hands. They switched to cheering and clapping once the lander touched down. A man waved a banner reading ’’The Moon in India’s arms.” Shrini Singh, a New Delhi resident, said she got goosebumps. ’’It’s a very happy moment … you can see the energy. It’s beyond words.” Mitakshi Sinha, a student, said the successful mission motivated her. “And now I also want to be part of ISRO,” she said, referring to the country’s space agency. India will host next month’s G-20 Summit, and Modi is expected to use the event to spotlight the country’s growing geopolitical clout. Even as it maintains historic ties with Russia, the U.S. and other Western nations continue to woo India, whom they see as a critical bulwark against China’s growing influence. Accolades poured in from around the world to acknowledge India’s emergence as a modern space power. NASA Administrator Bill Nelson congratulated India on X, formerly known as Twitter, saying ``We’re glad to be your partner on this mission!” “Incredible!” European Space Agency’s director general Josef Aschbacher tweeted. #space #explore #mission

Music: Slave and Rose by Dhruva Aliman - Amazon- https://amzn.to/2Mgr7pg - Apple - https://music.apple.com/us/artist/dhruva-aliman/363563637 - Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/artist/5XiFCr9iBKE6Cupltgnlet - Bandcamp - https://dhruvaaliman.bandcamp.com/album/the-wolf-and-the-river - http://www.dhruvaaliman.com/ Video Clips from the following, IN ORDER-- Julius Escaping *ORIGINAL* Snake Opens Door deer hunting with cheetah full hd صيد غزال بطريقة سعودية بدون سلاح Car Hits a Bear in Russia Ostrich makes love to a Honda Civic mola riding Mexico Four Cats, a Stuffed Bobcat, and a dog make a FUNNY video! The Dancing Squid Sushi Bowl Frog Legs Dancing With A Little Salt A flying crocodile jumps at Felix! ORIGINAL Pet Bird Outlaw Lady In Thailand On Skull & Rifle Scooter - Weird Strange Epic - Mike Swick RAW - Monkey Attacks Texas Police Officer At Traffic Stop Hundreds of sheep 'rain' down on motorway after truck accident in Australia Sheep fall onto busy highway in Australia from a truck Dog bails from a car after a bad accident ! tigre con nervios en canal de tv asusta al publico managua nicaragua Tiger Attack End Credits Music: Road of Fortunes by Dhruva Aliman

Apollo 17, U.S. crewed spaceflight to the Moon, launched on December 7, 1972, and successfully concluded on December 19, 1972. It was the final flight of the Apollo program, and Apollo 17 astronauts Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt were the last humans to walk on the Moon. Cernan, the mission commander, was a seasoned astronaut, who had orbited Earth on Gemini 9 and the Moon (without landing there) on Apollo 10. Schmitt, the lunar module pilot, held a Ph.D. in geology and was the first scientist-astronaut to set foot on the Moon. The third crew member was Ronald Evans, the command module pilot. Like Cernan, he had been a naval aviator before becoming an astronaut. The Apollo 17 mission was the first nighttime Apollo launch. Liftoff from Kennedy Space Center in Florida had been scheduled for the evening of December 6, 1972, but a technical malfunction resulted in a delay until 12:33 am the following day. The three-stage Saturn V rocket-powered launch vehicle took less than 12 minutes to reach Earth orbit. A few hours later, the command and service module (the spacecraft that would take the astronauts into lunar orbit), separated from the launch vehicle and docked with the lunar module. The last remaining stage of the launch vehicle was then released and set on a course to crash into the Moon. The astronauts’ spacecraft reached lunar orbit on December 10. Cernan and Schmitt landed the lunar module, named Challenger, on the surface of the Moon on December 11, 2 hours and 34 minutes after separation from the command and service module. They landed in the Taurus-Littrow Valley, a region chosen by mission planners for its geologic interest, notably the proximity of “young” (less than 3-billion-year-old) volcanic areas. A few hours after landing, Cernan stepped out of the lunar module for the first of three periods of extra-vehicular activity (EVA). There were more than 22 hours of EVA in all, during which Cernan and Schmitt traveled 19 miles (30.5 km) in their lunar rover, an electrically powered wheeled vehicle of a type first used in the Apollo 15 mission. They gathered 243.65 pounds (110.52 kg) of rock and soil samples; performed experiments pertaining to lunar gravity, seismic activity, and other subjects; and deployed an “experiment package” that transmitted data back to Earth for several years. Meanwhile, Evans orbited the Moon in the command and service module. After 75 hours on the surface, Cernan and Schmitt lifted off on December 14 and rejoined Evans a little more than two hours later. Once the astronauts’ equipment and scientific specimens had been unloaded, the lunar module was no longer needed and was therefore allowed to drop to the lunar surface. On December 16 the command and service module left lunar orbit, and the astronauts set course for Earth. On the following day Evans performed several spacewalks to collect photographic equipment from the service module. After this was done, the service module, which had been used mostly for storage and propulsion, was detached from the command module. On December 19 the command module, named America, splashed down in the South Pacific Ocean, only 4 miles (6.5 km) from the recovery ship USS Ticonderoga. America was later put on display at Space Center Houston, the visitor centre of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Johnson Space Center. It was known at the time of Apollo 17 that there would be no more crewed Moon landings for years to come. As he took his last steps on the surface, Cernan made a short speech that ended with a vow that “we shall return, with peace and hope for all mankind. Godspeed the crew of Apollo 17.” #adventure #interestingfacts #history

ALL CREDITS ARE LISTED BELOW...WITH LINKS Music: Whiskey Blossom by Dhruva Aliman - Amazon- https://amzn.to/2Mgr7pg - Apple - https://music.apple.com/us/artist/dhruva-aliman/363563637 - Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/artist/5XiFCr9iBKE6Cupltgnlet - Bandcamp - https://dhruvaaliman.bandcamp.com/album/the-wolf-and-the-river - http://www.dhruvaaliman.com/ Video Clips from the following, IN ORDER-- Weather camera spider scares Kristi Cute Cat Climbs on Cop Fireworks fido becomes a hazard Giraffe chasing jeep Cheetah Chases Impala Antelope Into Tourist's Car on Safari Rodeo clown backflips over bull Gee Atherton gets hunted by a Peregrine Falcon Fox cub comes to people for help man catches flying bird with bare hand Fetch that tree boy! Por gonorrea Maltrato Animal African Animals Getting Drunk From Ripe Marula Fruit Music End Credits: Slave and Rose by Dhruva Aliman #funny #animals #pets

ALL CREDITS ARE LISTED BELOW...WITH LINKS - Track: Svadhisthana (Dance Mix) by Dhruva Aliman - Amazon - https://amzn.to/3eLFy0P - Apple - https://music.apple.com/us/artist/dhruva-aliman/363563637 - Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/artist/5XiFCr9iBKE6Cupltgnlet - Bandcamp - https://dhruvaaliman.bandcamp.com/album/hello-moon - http://www.dhruvaaliman.com/ Video Clips from the following, IN ORDER-- Okla. tornado survivor finds dog buried alive under rubble Do you want a BA NA NA ?.... Stressed out kitty gets relaxing massage Bunny takes a shower نعامة على خط ابها الخميس Ostrich in King Fahad Road Типичная русская деревня - Bear Trees Russian Guy deer runs over dog Dog jumps over a river Terrifying banana peel! Deer crashes through windshield of moving bus [FULL] MOMENT Deer Crashes Through Bus Windshield CAT VS FISH Sleddog crash Dog sled crashes camera, Svalbard 2010 Sledding crash-Dog body checks girl! Dog-sled crash Girl falls,dog runs into her, and kid on sled fall Pitbull hanged himself - Питбуль повесился Amazing jumping fish caught with a GoPro video camera! Hundreds of them! Up close! Downhill mountain biking at The Lookout (Swinley Forest) with Amber the Downhill Dog Deer jumps 6 foot fence... barely How my cat outsmarted my dog Cat and Dolphins playing together Jockey Cam_ Race 1 at Turf Paradise - Ride the Race with Cassie Papineau #Eaglecam 1 Flying eagle point of view #1 Flying with the fastest birds on the planet_ Peregrine Falcon & Goshawk - Animal Camera - BBC Through an Eagle_s Eyes_ Breathtaking 4K POV over the Alps Drunk Man Charges A Wild Elephant Bear cub crashes backyard pool party Naptime for me and my raccoon, Buster.. Whale Riders るんるんるん♪　　ボタンインコ Music end credits: Slave and Rose by Dhruva Aliman https://dhruvaaliman.bandcamp.com/album/the-wolf-and-the-river http://www.dhruvaaliman.com/ Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/artist/5XiFCr9iBKE6Cupltgnlet #funny #compilation #animals

ALL CREDITS ARE LISTED BELOW... Music Track 1: Hit The Road (Instrumental Version) - Track 2: Sundown by Dhruva Aliman - Amazon- https://amzn.to/3dgKA52 - Apple - https://music.apple.com/us/artist/dhruva-aliman/363563637 - Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/artist/5XiFCr9iBKE6Cupltgnlet - Bandcamp - https://dhruvaaliman.bandcamp.com/album/hard-to-get-along - http://www.dhruvaaliman.com/ Video Clips IN ORDER-- Cat Chills in a Man's Boxers While the Guy Uses the Toilet! plane_ 0 gravity Bioastronautics Research Frog at zero gravity. Incredible footage of BBC cameraman and hungry polar bear Sioux Falls Deer Fight Dog Walks like Human..! Adorable.. Horse Takes Jockey For A Ride Kitten Wearing a Tiny Hat - Audition Outtakes king cobra live attack Krazy O'Dz Underwater Crocodile Encounter Photographer narrowly escapes crocodile attack. Swimming With Crocodiles - Wildscreen Festival 2012 Swimming with Crocodiles Alligator Stuggles To Eat Turtle American Alligator Bull Smashes Turtle's Shell American Alligator Smashes Turtle's Shell To Bits & Then Swallows Entire Turtle Whole Alligator killed by electric eel at Amazon WTF IS THIS?!? (ORIGINAL SPIDER WORM) strange unidentified sea creature @ 7000 + feet off shell rig in gulf Doggie Shoplifter Steals Dog Bone! Shoplifting DOG Apologizes ! Music End Credits: Slave and Rose by Dhruva Aliman

Songkran is the celebration of the traditional New Year in Thailand, a Buddhist holiday, and one could argue the world’ biggest water gun fight. Most travelers to Thailand that want to experience water festival come for the latter. For three days, up to a week in some areas, people take to the street with buckets of water, super soaker water guns, hoses, and anything else that will help them delight in dousing people with water. It is a huge celebration and national holiday in Thailand and great fun. There is a party like atmosphere throughout the cities and many festivals and events taking place throughout the celebration. The Songkran festival used to change dates based on the solar calendar. In recent years the date has been codified and the public holiday is always April 13 – 15 every year. Songkran day is April 13th. This is the day where Thai and Buddhist traditions are observed. The Thai Water Festival, as Songkran is also known, can last longer than 3 days in areas like Chiang Mai, Phuket, and Pattaya. Some people even get started soaking people a little early, so be on the look out a day or two before the holiday officially begins. The Songkran festival started out as the traditional Thai New Year’s celebration. It was based on the solar calendar and the date often fluctuated. In 1940, Thailand adopted January 1 as it’s official start to the New Year but the Songkran holiday continues to be celebrated as part of the cultural and Buddhist tradition of the country. While most people are familiar sights of the water fights raging on the city streets and the festivities and revelries associated with today’s festival, the origins are from more stoic Buddhist traditions that date back hundreds of years and still practiced today. It is a time of cleaning, washing away the bad luck, misdeeds, and misfortunes from the previous year and starting anew. The Thai’s pour scented water over the statues of Buddha and the shoulders of each other and on the hands of their elders in a symbolic gesture of this belief. This tradition still continues is the homes and temples around Thailand. It’s only afterward that people take to the streets and start soaking each other with water and celebrating for days on end. While any attire you don’t mind getting wet is appropriate, many people dress up for Songkran. The ‘Songkran Shirt’ is a colorful flower print reminiscent of Hawaiian shirts, and many people will be wearing them. Some take it to another level and get dressed up in costumes and masks. You can expect to be splashed with water as soon as you start walking down the street. Another Songkran tradition is to wipe a white chalk mixture on people’s faces. It’s a symbolic nod to the chalk used by Buddhist monks for blessing. Don’t be surprised if someone comes up and smears some white goop on your face, though it is impolite for someone to do so without asking first. You aren’t safe from getting wet anywhere unless you are locked in your hotel room, these are the best cities to celebrate the Thai Water Festival. In Bangkok - Khao San Road and Silom are the epicenter for Songkran activities in Bangkok. Khao San Road is the backpacker ghetto and it is a drunken party with plenty of tourist on tourist soaking. There are many bars serving alcohol and DJ’s pumping out tunes. Pattaya does Songkran like no other city in Thailand. When the celebration ends elsewhere, Pattaya carries on celebrating till April 19th, that’s a full week! Soi 6, 7, and 8 are popular spots. Bars will have large drums of water setup for people to reload their water guns, and many tourists will park themselves at the bars, drinking and having a good time as they soak passersby with water. With bars lining almost every street, Pattaya is like one giant Songkran party. The festivities end on Wan Lai, which means ‘Flowing Day’. If you’ve had enough of being drenched, head over to Bang Saen beach where they craft amazing sand castles and sculptures. Chiang Mai is probably the most popular spot for tourists to enjoy the Thailand Water Festival. The slow laid back atmosphere in a city surrounded by a moat filled with water make it an ideal location. The moat is drained shortly before the holiday begins and is filled with clean (‘ish) water as it is a major source for reloading buckets and water guns. The old city is where all the activity is and where you want to be. In Phuket, Patong Beach is where the action is. Bangla and Beach roads in particular are the hot spots. Bangla Road is closed off to cars and people walk up and down dumping water on each other while being shot at with water guns from patrons at the bars lining the streets. #travel #adventure #wild

ALL CREDITS ARE LISTED BELOW...WITH LINKS Music: Air Baby Is by Dhruva Aliman - Amazon - https://amzn.to/3eLFy0P - Apple - https://music.apple.com/us/artist/dhruva-aliman/363563637 - Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/artist/5XiFCr9iBKE6Cupltgnlet - Bandcamp - https://dhruvaaliman.bandcamp.com/album/hello-moon - http://www.dhruvaaliman.com/ Video Clips from the following, IN ORDER-- dog eats bean burrito video Dog Walks like Human Cat opens door for puppies Kitten bowling 4 Cute Kittens Sleeping in a Drawer Best Cat Toy Ever? Bizkit the Sleep Walking Dog Optical Illusion - Rotating Snakes My cat can see the rotating snake illusion! clever DOG climbs up the kitchen to get food Cat takes dog for a walk! Shows dog whose the bitch 特訓するねこ。 Достал кошку leopard attack in Siberian zoo Crazy Laughing Dolphin! Most intelligent Mimic Octopus in the world End Credits Music: Slave and Rose by Dhruva Aliman #pets #funny #animals

Medieval Castle Defense and Assault: How Did It Work? - The feudal system depended on protecting farms and the countryside, and the key to a kingdom’s defense was its castle. Likewise, taking over a kingdom meant conquering its castles, and doing so was the most challenging aspect of medieval warfare. Medieval castle defense was very important. Loading… The main methods of attacking a Medieval Castle were: Fire Battering Rams Ladders Catapults Mining Siege Fire Fire was the best way to attack the early Motte and Bailey castles since they were made entirely of wood. The fire might be started by building a bonfire against the outer wooden fence (palisade) or, more usually, by archers shooting fire-arrows into the castle. As the fire spread through the castle those living inside would be forced to leave allowing the attackers to take them prisoner or kill them. This was one of the reasons why Motte and Bailey castles were soon replaced by Stone Keep castles. Fire has little effect on a stone castle. Battering Ram The thick stone walls of the Stone Keep castles were difficult for men to knock down. Although pickaxes could be used against castles with thinner walls, it would take a very long time to knock a hole through a castle with very thick walls. The battering ram was particularly useful since the weight of several men would be put behind it. This would make it a considerable force that could seriously weaken and possibly destroy doors or walls. Medieval Castle Defense: Ladders Ladders were used by those attacking a castle to climb over the walls and fight the castle inhabitants within the castle walls. However, ladders had the disadvantage of leaving the man climbing the ladder subject to attack by arrow, boiling water or oil, or by being thrown to the ground if the ladder was pushed away from the wall. To prevent this type of attack the Belfry or Siege Tower was developed. Belfry The Belfry was a large structure on wheels that could be pushed up to the castle walls. Ladders inside the Belfry allowed attackers to climb to the top under cover and get into the castle. Castle owners prevented this type of attack by piling earth up against the castle walls so that the Belfry, which was on wheels, could not be pushed near to the castle. Medieval Castle Defense: Catapult A variety of catapults or siege engines were developed during the Middle Ages to fire stones, fireballs or other objects such as dead sheep, cattle, or plague victims, at the castle walls or into the castle itself. This type of catapult works by twisting rope as tightly as possible so that it acts like elastic when the arm is released. Medieval Castle Defense: Mining A good way of attacking a stone castle was through mining. Attackers would dig a tunnel underground up to the castle walls, under the gatehouse if possible. They would then set a charge and make an explosion which would make the walls crumble and collapse. The advantage of mining was that the attack could not be seen by those living in the castle. However, if those inside the castle were aware that attackers were mining underground, they would often mine from the castle to meet the attackers underground and there would be a sword battle. Medieval Castle Defense: Siege Another good way of attacking a stone castle was by placing it under siege. Attackers would surround a castle with both men and catapults so that no one could enter or leave the castle. Sieges could last for months, usually until the inhabitants of the castle ran out of food and were starving. One of the castle owner’s main line of defense against siege was to send all women, children, old, weak and sick people out of the castle. This meant that only those strong enough to fight off attackers remained in the castle and that the food supply would last much longer. #battle #middleages #castle

ALL CREDITS ARE LISTED BELOW...WITH LINKS Music Tracks 1: The Loss Of You...Song 2: Shifty Notions by Dhruva Aliman - Amazon - https://amzn.to/3poi0WV - Apple - https://music.apple.com/us/artist/dhruva-aliman/363563637 - Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/artist/5XiFCr9iBKE6Cupltgnlet - Bandcamp - https://dhruvaaliman.bandcamp.com/album/road-of-fortunes - Website - http://www.dhruvaaliman.com/ Video Clips from the following, IN ORDER-- Koko Responds to a Sad Movie A child with Down syndrome and his labrador ! Must watch Matty the Baby Sloth Cat tries to revive dead friend Lioness shows trust in man with her newborn cubs Slow Loris eating a Rice Ball Mono Electrocutado Sobrevive Dog pees on electric fence jacuzzibear Deer Attacks Cyclist Fun Bike Thief Chased by Dogs Motorcycle Hits Kangaroo Tiger Sharks of Tiger Beach Dolphinarium Nemo in Yerevan Super Cat Jumps Off Of 60 Foot Telephone Pole And Lives Cat jumps from power pole CAT jumps 60 feet out of a tree without a broken bone Cat shuns rescue — leaps from Hydro pole Nantucket Seal Attack End credit music - Slave and Rose by Dhruva Aliman #animals #compilation #pets

Hyaenodon created a reign of terror by just using its head. Its powerful, razor sharp bite could dispatch a prey animal within seconds and left a mark in history that will never be matched. Hyaenodon is a genus of predatory mammals, of the extinct order Hyaenodonta. Hyaenodon species could be found across the globe in Africa, Eurasia, and North America, they lived between the Late Eocene and Miocene periods. The two species present in Prehistoric Kingdom are: Hyaeonodon gigas, the largest Hyaenodon known, which lived in Asia during the Eocene and Oligocene periods. And Hyaenodon horridus a smaller species that lived in North America, also during the Eocene and Oligocene. Despite its name, Hyaenodon is not closely related to hyenas and is instead part of the Creodonta. This family of mammals dominated the Paleogene period after out-competing the Mesonychids, ungulate predators, before becoming extinct in the Late Miocene. Their closest living relatives are pangolins, which are insectivores. The Creodonta seem mainly to have been opportunistic predators and scavengers, though some of the earlier members may have been omnivorous. Hyaenodon is the most famous of the group and was the most common predator of the Oligocene. It was widespread across almost all continents, bar South America, Australia and Antarctica. Several Hyaenodon species evolved to fill various niches, including a miniature species which would have occupied niches similar to the modern day fox. Hyaenodon was named in 1838 and its name means "Hyaena Tooth". #history #evolution #beast

Megalodon was Earth’s highest-level apex predator – ever Tooth analysis shows this prehistoric shark ate anything it wanted – including other predators. Sharks are often described as perfect killing machines. While this sort of negative press certainly doesn’t help conservation efforts today, there is some truth to this lethal impression of these magnificent beasts. And some were far more deadly than others. In one form or another, sharks have patrolled Earth’s oceans for over 400 million years – since long before even the dinosaurs. The largest predatory shark and biggest fish known to science was megalodon, which ruled the seas until around 3 million years ago. While its exact size is subject to debate, based on fossil teeth, megalodon may have been 15-18 metres long – three to four times the dimensions of the biggest great white sharks. These monsters had jaws so wide a human could stand in them. Individual teeth were the size of an adult human hand. No surprise then that recent research by palaeontologists at Princeton University in the US has shown that megalodon ate whatever it wanted – including other predators. The results of the research, published in Science Advances, indicate this ancient shark was an apex predator with no comparison in all of Earth’s history. “We’re used to thinking of the largest species – blue whales, whale sharks, even elephants and diplodocuses – as filter feeders or herbivores, not predators,” says the paper’s lead author, geoscientist Emma Kast, now based at the University of Cambridge, UK. “But megalodon and the other megatooth sharks were genuinely enormous carnivores that ate other predators, and Meg went extinct only a few million years ago.” “If Megalodon existed in the modern ocean, it would thoroughly change humans’ interaction with the marine environment,” adds senior author Danny Sigman, professor of geological and geophysical sciences at Princeton. Kast and Sigman’s team discovered clear evidence that megalodon and its ancestors occupied the highest rung of the prehistoric food chain – called the highest “trophic level”. So high is their trophic signature that the researchers believe megalodon must have eaten other predators and predators-of-predators in a complicated food web. Helping megalodon on its way to the top of the food web is cannibalism. There is evidence of cannibalism in both megatooth sharks and other prehistoric marine predators. “Ocean food webs do tend to be longer than the grass-deer-wolf food chain of land animals, because you start with such small organisms,” says Kast. “To reach the trophic levels we’re measuring in these megatooth sharks, we don’t just need to add one trophic level – one apex predator on top of the marine food chain. We need to add several onto the top the modern marine food web.” The team used a new technique to measure the nitrogen isotopes in fossilised megalodon teeth. The rule of thumb for ecologists is the more nitrogen-15 in an organism, the higher its trophic level. But this is the first time the tiny amounts of nitrogen preserved in these prehistoric teeth have been measured. “We have a series of shark teeth from different time periods, and we were able to trace their trophic level versus their size,” says co-author Zixuan (Crystal) Rao. Sometimes, prehistoric food webs can be gauged through bite marks on fossilised bones. But such evidence is scant for extinct sharks. The novel nitrogen isotope method helps paint a picture of an ancient fish-eat-fish world. “The whole direction of my research team is to look for chemically fresh, but physically protected, organic matter – including nitrogen – in organisms from the distant geologic past,” says Sigman. Organisms at the bottom of the food web, like plants and algae, absorb nitrogen from the air or water. When other species eat them, the predator species incorporates that nitrogen into their own bodies. But more of nitrogen’s lighter isotope, N-14, gets excreted (sometimes in urine) than the heavier N-15. So N-15 builds up relative to N-14 as you go up in trophic level. But there’s an unfortunate drawback. While researchers have had a whale of a time measuring nitrogen levels in animals as old as 15,000 years old, lack of preserved soft tissue in older species has made measuring nitrogen a dead end. Until now. Luckily, teeth are more easily preserved because they are encased in rock-hard enamel which acts like a barrier to decomposing bacteria. And sharks have a lot of teeth which are constantly being replaced. #history #evolution #dinosaur

See All Man and Beast videos here- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL4108AB7D0E0C043E ALL CREDITS ARE LISTED BELOW... Music Track 1: Dream Walking (Original Mix) ...2: The Game by Dhruva Aliman - Amazon - https://amzn.to/3eLFy0P - Apple - https://music.apple.com/us/artist/dhruva-aliman/363563637 - Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/artist/5XiFCr9iBKE6Cupltgnlet - Bandcamp - https://dhruvaaliman.bandcamp.com/album/hello-moon - http://www.dhruvaaliman.com/ Video Clips from the following, IN ORDER-- ATE team rescue another baby elephant from a well Exploding Southern Right Whale on beach near Cape Town - 14 Sept 2005 ヘッドバンギング熊V.S. はしゃぐ子供ら Horse kicks camera man The reaction of ducklings on the Yo-Yo Nice Hamster Alaska Bull Moose Street Fighting deer sucker punch Kido's First Shell Game Crow unties the laces and tries to steal the pan (Хитрая ворона и сковородка) Humpback whale gives our canoe a love tap! Turtle Fails Hard Video of giant whale shark washed up in Pakistan Man vs. Canada Goose (ORIGINAL) Cockatoo Charlie And My Dog - Funny (Original Video) Bird hits windshield of a180mph Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution Utah Working Dogs pull over 5000 pounds!! The one that got away! _ shark bait End Credits Music: Slave and Rose by Dhruva Aliman

A Complicated Man - Is the Newton-and-the-apple story true? Does anybody really understand the Principia? Was he a nice guy? Sir Isaac Newton's accomplishments border on the uncanny, as does his image in the world of science. With time, the historical Newton receded into the background, overshadowed by the very legacy he helped create. Newton thus metamorphosed into science personified. So what is that legacy? What were those accomplishments? Here, familiarize yourself with Newton's greatest contributions. Invented the reflecting telescope The standard telescope of Newton's time, the refracting telescope, was not ideal. Its glass lenses focused the different colors inherent in light at different distances. This resulted, at the edges of any bright objects seen through the telescope, in colored fringes that rendered those objects slightly out of focus. Newton solved the "chromatic aberration" problem by using mirrors instead of lenses. His original reflecting telescope, which he built himself in 1668, was just six inches long. This modest device not only eliminated the colored fringes but magnified whatever it focused on by 40 times, which, as Newton noted at the time, "is more than any 6 foot Tube can do." After presenting his scope to the Royal Society, the then-unknown Newton was proposed for membership; he later served as its president for 24 years, until his death in 1727. Proposed new theory of light and color Not long after he donated his telescope to the Royal Society, Newton delivered a paper to that august body about his novel theory of light and colors. Using prisms and his usual very exacting experimental technique, Newton had discovered that sunlight is comprised of all the colors of the rainbow, which could not only be separated but recombined into white light. Though he made his experiments on light as early as 1666, when he was only 24 years old, he didn't publish his classic Optics, which summarized his findings on light and color, until 1704. Discovered calculus When Newton began to muse on the problem of the motion of the planets and what kept them in their orbits around the sun, he realized that the mathematics of the day weren't sufficient to the task. Properties such as direction and speed, by their very nature, were in a continuous state of flux, constantly changing with time and exhibiting varying rates of change. So he invented a new branch of mathematics, which he called the fluxions (later known as calculus). Calculus allowed him to draw tangents to curves, determine the lengths of curves, and solve other problems that classical geometry could not help him solve. Interestingly, Newton's masterwork, the Principia, doesn't include the calculus in the form that he'd invented years before, simply because he hadn't yet published anything about it. Developed three laws of motion Newton's Principia is difficult to comprehend on two levels, even for experts: in its original form, it is written in Latin, and it uses very challenging mathematics. Yet one thing that comes out very simply and very clearly to all is his three laws of motion: Law of inertia: Every object persists in its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line unless it is compelled to change that state by forces impressed upon it. Law of acceleration: Force is equal to the change in momentum (mV) per change in time. For a constant mass, force equals mass times acceleration, F = ma. Law of action and reaction: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. Devised law of universal gravitation Newton said shortly before his death that it was seeing an apple fall in his mother's garden that set him thinking "that the power of gravity ... was not limited to a certain distance from the earth but that this power must extend much farther than was usually thought. Why not as high as the moon ... and if so that must influence her motion and perhaps retain her in her orbit." This brainstorm (which some scholars suspect Newton may have invented late in life) ultimately led to his law of universal gravitation. The law says that all particles of matter in the universe attract every other particle, that gravitational attraction is a property of all matter. The law explained many things, from the orbits of the planets around the sun to the influence of the moon and sun on the tides. And it held sway as the accepted description of terrestrial and celestial mechanics for almost 200 years—until Einstein came along and rocked the boat with relativity. Advanced early modern chemistry Newton spent untold hours of his life practicing alchemy. Like other alchemists, he sought to turn base metals into gold, find a universal cure for disease, and secure the elixir of life, which promised perpetual youth and eternal life. #history #biography #documentary

NASA's New Horizons spacecraft was the first spacecraft to explore Pluto up close, flying by the dwarf planet and its moons on July 14, 2015. In early 2019, New Horizons flew past its second major science target – Arrokoth (2014 MU69), the most distant object ever explored up close. It is intriguing that such a small planet can have such a complex collection of satellites. The discovery provides additional clues for unraveling how the Pluto system formed and evolved. Pluto's entire moon system is believed to have formed by a collision between two the dwarf planet and another Kuiper Belt Object early in the history of the solar system. The smashup flung material that coalesced into the family of satellites observed around Pluto. "The moons form a series of neatly nested orbits, a bit like Russian dolls," said Mark Showalter of the SETI Institute. The known moons of Pluto are: Charon: Discovered in 1978, this small moon is almost half the size of Pluto. It is so big Pluto and Charon are sometimes referred to as a double planet system. Nix and Hydra: These small moons were found in 2005 by a Hubble Space Telescope team studying the Pluto system. Kerberos: Discovered in 2011, this tiny moon is located between the orbits of Nix and Hydra. Styx: Discovered in 2012, this little moon was found by a team of scientists searching for potential hazards to the New Horizons spacecraft Pluto flyby in July 2015. How Pluto Moons Get Their Names All of Pluto's moons are named for mythological figures associated with the underworld, a naming conventions started by 11-year-old Venetia Burney in 1930 #space #explore #documentary

Paleontologists seek evidence to determine which of the three competing theories - kill, chill or ill - best account for the disappearance of all the large animals at the end of the last ice age. Thousands of years ago, the earth was populated by giant prehistoric animals, from New Zealand's giant moa, a giant relative of the ostrich, to the ultimate symbol of the ice age, the mammoth. At the end of the last ice age, they died out, but what killed them off? Did humans play a part? Or was it down to environmental causes such as disease or climate change? Saber-toothed tigers, giant ground sloths, woolly rhinos and other ice age megafauna are all extinct now — but who or what is to blame remains a mystery. The huge herbivores of the Ice Age were ecosystem engineers. Wherever they went, mastodons, sloths, bison, and their ilk changed the landscape by eating, defecating, trampling, and otherwise going about their plant-mashing business. But they were not isolated agents. Following out the engineer analogy, the megaherbivores of times past had managers. These were the sabercats, hyenas, wolves, and other predators past. Many Pleistocene carnivores certainly look menacing enough. The long fangs of Smilodon have made it a staple of museum halls as well as schlock horror, and the thought of staring down a giant hyena is enough to send a shiver down my spine. So given that some prehistoric predators had such impressive weapons it’s not surprising that we’ve often imagined them setting into mammoths and other Ice Age giants. Bigger prey requires bigger cutlery, right? Well, not quite. Many of the most iconic Ice Age herbivores were simply too big to kill. It’s the same reason why lions don’t chase after adult elephants. Clawing into a pachyderm is a high-risk scenario, even considering the fleshy reward, and fossil evidence has suggested the same pattern held in the Pleistocene. Smilodon didn’t take on adult mammoths and Megatherium, for example, but often targeted camels and bison instead. Large size was a refuge was most Pleistocene giants. #iceage #documentary #history

The Science Behind Aviation Failures - Planes in Flames - Crash landings Caught On Camera. #rescue #sos #flight

Sea Monsters: Prehistoric Ocean Predators Ancestors of three types of ancient reptiles left the land and colonised the seas. They were ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs and mosasaurs. These three groups developed into awesome sea monsters that make today's great white sharks seem small. Ichthyosaurs Ichthyosaur (pronounced: ick-thee-o-sore) means ‘fish-lizard’. They were the first major group of reptiles to go back to the sea, where they ruled for nearly 150 million years. There have been lots of different shapes and sizes of icthyosaurs. Early versions had long, bendy bodies, but over time they became more streamlined, with compact, rigid bodies and crescent-shaped tails– like tuna and sharks. They developed more bones in their flippers to stiffen them and used them for steering. Their powerful tails made them the fastest marine reptiles– some could swim as fast as 40 kilometres per hour. Ichthyosaurs were great hunters. They had large eyes to see in the dark depths and lots of teeth to snap up slippery prey.Like dolphins, they breathed air, gave birth to live young and were probably warm-blooded. Plesiosaurs Plesiosaur (pronounced: plea-zee-o-sore) means ‘near-lizard’, as scientists felt they were more lizard-like than the ichthyosaurs or ‘fish-lizards’.They evolved after the ichthyosaurs, lived with them for about 100 million years, then outlasted them to share the oceans with the mosasaurs. Plesiosaurs spread across the whole world. Their fossils have been found on every continent, including Antarctica. All plesiosaurs had short tails, long flippers and flattened bodies. But there were two different versions at the front end – either small heads on long necks, or big heads on short necks. Both types were streamlined with smooth skin to slide through the water. Their bodies were almost almond-shaped – five and a half times longer than they were wide. These are the same proportions as other swimming hunters, including sea lions and penguins.Plesiosaurs came in lots of different sizes, from a bicycle-sized 1.5 m long to a bus-sized 15 m long. Mosasaurs Mosasaurs (pronounced mow-sa-sores) arrived five million years after the ichthyosaurs died out and soon replaced plesiosaurs at the top of the food chain. Their fossils show a steady sequence of changes as they evolved from small lizards living on the water's edge to the ocean's top predators. They were powerful swimmers with goanna-like bodies, long snouts and forked tongues. Their paddles were formed from soft tissue covering their long finger bones. They used them for steering as their tails pushed them through the water. Unlike ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs, they kept their scaly skin. Mosasaurs ate anything: ammonites, fish, turtles, plesiosaurs, other mosasaurs and even sea birds. The only thing a mosasaur had to fear was a bigger mosasaur. Mosasaur skulls with bite marks from other mosasaurs suggest they might have fought each other for food, territory or mates. They dominated the world's oceans and inland seas for 30 million years until they went extinct, along with the plesiosaurs, at the end of the Cretaceous period. This extinction marked the end of the era when reptiles ruled the seas. Crash of the titans Ichthyosaurs suddenly disappeared at the end of the Cretaceous, 90 million years ago. We're not sure exactly why. Possibly something starved the oceans of oxygen, and therefore the ichthyosaurs of their prey. Then, 66 million years ago, a 10-kilometre-wide asteroid smashed into the Earth, triggering earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanic eruptions. Dust and smoke blocked the sun and the climate changed dramatically. This led to the extinction of nearly half the life on Earth and famously brought an end to the dinosaurs (except some of those that had evolved into birds). Nearly three quarters of ocean species died out, including the plesiosaurs and the mosasaurs.