A Message for Apprentices - DON'T DO THIS
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ChatGPT - 60Hz vs 50Hz
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Is Electricity Stored in Batteries? Common Misconceptions
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Batteries are in many of the items we use on a daily basis. And why not? It allows us to be mobile without having to be hindered with miles of extension cords connecting our equipment to a power source. But is electricity actually stored IN a battery? In today’s episode of Electrician U, Dustin speaks about how a battery works.
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To better understand what a battery is, let us define what electricity is. Electricity is a function of an interaction of charged particles that we can use EMF (electromotive force) to move current through a conductor. A battery on the other hand is a chemical storage device that doesn’t generate electricity until conductors are hooked up to it. And even then, the electricity is EXTERNAL to the battery, not within it. No conductors, no current flow!
There are many types of batteries- Lead Acid, Nickel Cadmium, Lithium Ion, and more. For the purposes of this discussion, we will be discussing a Lead Acid battery. This type of battery is a container that houses sulfuric acid (H2SO4). It also has 2 lead electrodes in it- 1 Anode and 1 Cathode. One of these lead electrodes has a coating of Lead Dioxide on it that attracts the charges while the other repels them.
When an external power source is introduced (a battery charger) to the battery, a chemical reaction happens, and the sulfuric acid starts to change. The SO4 transfers to the lead electrodes (positive to one, negative to the other) leaving H2O2 as the solution. The leads now become PBSO4 and are positively and negatively charged). At this point if conductors are added to the battery, one on each of the positive and negative terminals, along with a load, electrons will flow through them. But this is all EXTERNAL to the battery itself, not INTERNAL.
Energy itself must be transferred from one type to another to be useful. Take a power generation station. Some type of mechanical energy (a generator) spins on one end and is transferred overhead (as electrical energy) to a building. However, electrical energy isn’t useful until we transfer it into something useful to us. Maybe its light energy (light fixtures) or heat energy (a toaster or a heater).
So, as we can see, batteries don’t really STORE electricity, but rather store CHEMICALS. When an external source of power is applied to the battery, a chemical reaction occurs, positively and negatively charged particles are transferred to their respective electrodes and are discharged through the EXTERNAL conductors when hooked up to these electrodes!
We hope this has been helpful in understanding what a battery is and how it works. Is there a topic you would like to see discussed here on Electrician U? Leave us a comment in the comments section and let us know. Please continue to follow Dustin Stelzer and Electrician U as we are constantly updating our content to assist our followers in becoming the best electricians that they can be.
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Blueprint Symbols
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What's Inside a Receptacle
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Blueprints Deciphered: How to Read Residential Plans (For Electricians)
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Most of us in the industry know that in order for us to build something, we must have blueprints to understand exactly WHAT is needed. If it weren’t for those drawings, the framer, concrete contractors, the plumbers, even us electrical contractors wouldn’t know what or how to build it. But knowing HOW to interpret what is on those blueprints is an art in itself. In today’s episode of Electrician U, Dustin explains how to read and understand what is on a residential set of drawings.
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For most residential drawings, they will usually always be an “A” set of drawings. This stands for an Architectural set. Commercial drawings usually have the full complement (Architectural, Structural, Mechanical, Electrical, Plumbing, etc.). This is because in a residence, the architect is the one who draws it, and the architectural components are the most prominent features. Sets of drawings for different buildings will be different in the way they look. So, what is on one set of drawings won’t be the same for the next building.
The first sheet of a residential set of drawings shows an overall of the lot itself- the house, trees, pool (if one is being installed), etc. It will also have an address and/or a map, which can be very useful when coordinating getting manpower and deliveries to the site. It may also have important details regarding trees- to have us stay away from them when installing underground so as not to disturb the root ball or have the wiring destroyed years down the road as the tree grows.
The architectural details portion of the drawings will take up the most sheets. If it is an existing residence, there may be a Demo plan. This is very helpful in understanding which components of the building are being removed and which ones are staying/being added to or changed. There will be Elevation drawings- both interior and exterior. These show what the building will look like if you are facing a particular wall. The exterior will show the different siding types- whether its stone or siding. Interior elevations will show the wall covering materials/bookcases/cabinets- super useful to the electrician as it will show you WHERE/HEIGHTS to rough in for things like sconces or receptacles above the counter.
If there are electrical detail sheets, that is a huge plus! Not every set of residential drawing has these- usually only the larger residences. Smaller houses or track type homes may require the electrician to do the full layout and figure out what goes where. If the electrical sheets are present, look at the legend- usually the first sheet in the electrical series. It will delineate the different types of fixtures/switches/receptacles. The lighting fixtures will usually be linked together with an arc line showing which fixtures are to be linked together under the same switch leg. It will also show you the different fixtures. So you know whether it is a can light or a chandelier (and what type of box to install) and rough it in appropriately. The power set will tell you whether it’s a single receptacle or a quad and will also usually tell you if it’s above counter or below (you will still need to refer to the architectural elevations to figure out HOW HIGH to rough the box in.
Homeruns are usually left up to the installing electrician to figure out which string will be receiving the homerun cable itself. Mark these on the drawings (usually the closest to the panel to cut down on length). It is also helpful to mark off as you get homeruns/boxes/interconnecting wiring installed so you know what’s still left to do. Just make sure you make the markings in a way that you and everyone working with you understands so mistakes are lessened.
We hope this has been helpful in understanding how to read a set of residential drawings. Is there a topic you would like to see discussed here on Electrician U? Leave us a comment in the comments section and let us know. Please continue to follow Dustin Stelzer and Electrician U as we are constantly updating our content to assist our followers in becoming the best electricians that they can be.
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Which Codebook Should I Study? Electrical Code NEC 2023, 2020, 2017?
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The NEC (National Electrical Code) has been around for some time. And for as long as most of us can remember, it goes through revisions and every 3 years a new one comes out! so, which version of the NEC should we be using? In today’s episode of Electrician U, Dustin explains the nuances of which codebook to use.
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The easiest explanation is to check with your local AHJ (Authority Having Jurisdiction- usually the city you are working in). Get hold of the inspection department/inspectors or even poll other TRUSTED electricians working in the area and ask! While nationally we may be required to use the current version of the NEC, many municipalities are still inspecting on the previous version. There are some municipalities that are several versions behind. And just because one city that you perform work in that uses the previous version, doesn’t mean that another city 5 miles down the road isn’t using a different one! Keep a current list of which municipalities are using what versions so you always have the pertinent information before performing work in any given area.
While the above explanation is for WORK performed, another would be for a journeyman’s license or masters license exams. This is where many electricians get frustrated. You have been installing on the 2020 code let’s say and go to take your exam only to find out they will be testing on the current 2023 code! Now you must learn on a completely new code cycle, and usually with not a lot of time to do so. Same as with the work area aspect, check with the place where you will be taking your exam and see which version they will be testing on. It will usually be on the CURRENT version of the NEC but check to make sure. And do this when you are thinking about getting ready to take your exam- don’t wait until the last minute!
The code changes every 3 years and new versions are issued. Industry changes, new equipment and materials are added, while some things become obsolete. So, it makes sense to revise things to keep current. Some changes are minor- small word type changes or punctuation. Some are logistical type changes- articles moved from one place to another. New definitions may be added or removed. While some changes are rather major- new articles are added or removed. Some articles are completely rewritten! Take article 242 (Over Voltage) that covers Surge Protection Devices for example. While it is in the 2020 & 2023 versions of the NEC, you won’t find it in the 2017 or earlier versions of the NEC. But it is an article that electricians use frequently when dealing with services and panels.
Another great resource is the Handbook. This is an invaluable study guide to use to understand the NEC. While it has the code verbiage within it, it looks much different than a standard codebook. Almost every article has pictures and additional wording in it that makes some of the more difficult articles much easier to understand and interpret. A word of caution here- this should be used as an ADDITION to the codebook, not a direct replacement. Most testing agencies will NOT let you bring in your handbook to test with and will only allow the codebook! So, if you are planning on taking your exam, I would strongly recommend that you use the handbook sparingly, so as not to get too used to it as you will not be allowed to reference it during your exam.
We hope this has been an insightful look into which version of the NEC you should be using. Is there a topic you would like to see discussed here on Electrician U? Leave us a comment in the comments section and let us know. Please continue to follow Dustin Stelzer and Electrician U as we are constantly updating our content to assist our followers in becoming the best electricians that they can be.
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