Exercise: Rewriting RNA

During exercise, RNA undergoes significant molecular changes, including an acute increase in mRNA for genes involved in metabolism and muscle growth (such as cytokines), which then returns to baseline during recovery. Chronic exercise leads to more permanent adaptations, involving changes in the transcription of muscle protein genes and the activation of pathways for ribosomal biogenesis, which increases with muscle hypertrophy. Additionally, exercise impacts non-coding RNAs, like miRNAs, which can regulate muscle function and mass through the modulation of target genes.